General study of area supply methods

Casazza, Jack; Rankin, John R.

doi:10.1109/ee.1956.6442430

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

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“…The ensuing power flows do not usually follow specified paths, instead they divide among all possible paths following Kirchhoff's laws. Circulating loop flows around closed, geographically constrained loops have been observed in the North American high voltage power grid, sometimes reaching as much as 1GW [1,2], delivering no power but dissipating it ohmically. To try and prevent them, grid operators have issued new market regulations and recommended integrating phase angle regulating transformers into the grid [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neglecting ohmic dissipation, it is therefore expected, and has been reported in simple networks [10][11][12], that AC power grids may carry circulating loop flows. Topological winding numbers, equation (1), lead to the discretization of circulating loop flows, much in the same way as superfluid circulation is quantized around a vortex [4,5]. Therefore we refer to circulating loop flows as vortex flows from now on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While vortex flows and the analogy we just pointed out between macroscopic quantum states and high voltage AC power grids are intellectually interesting in their own right, we stress that they are physically and technically relevant. Circulating loop flows in the GW range have been observed in power grids [1,2], which delivered no power but consumed it ohmically. Furthemore it can be expected that with the changes in operational conditions of the power grid brought about by the energy transition-substituting delocalized productions with smaller primary power reserve for large power plants-such circulating loop flows may occur more frequently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Topologically protected loop flows in high voltage AC power grids

et al. 2016

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Geographical features such as mountain ranges or big lakes and inland seas often result in large closed loops in high voltage AC power grids. Sizable circulating power flows have been recorded around such loops, which take up transmission line capacity and dissipate but do not deliver electric power. Power flows in high voltage AC transmission grids are dominantly governed by voltage angle differences between connected buses, much in the same way as Josephson currents depend on phase differences between tunnel-coupled superconductors. From this previously overlooked similarity we argue here that circulating power flows in AC power grids are analogous to supercurrents flowing in superconducting rings and in rings of Josephson junctions. We investigate how circulating power flows can be created and how they behave in the presence of ohmic dissipation. We show how changing operating conditions may generate them, how significantly more power is ohmically dissipated in their presence and how they are topologically protected, even in the presence of dissipation, so that they persist when operating conditions are returned to their original values. We identify three mechanisms for creating circulating power flows, (i) by loss of stability of the equilibrium state carrying no circulating loop flow, (ii) by tripping of a line traversing a large loop in the network and (iii) by reclosing a loop that tripped or was open earlier. Because voltages are uniquely defined, circulating power flows can take on only discrete values, much in the same way as circulation around vortices is quantized in superfluids.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%