General modeling of saturated AC machines for industrial drives

Abstract

Purpose – When magnetic saturation in ac machines is evolved, the theory of main flux saturation in d-q axes remains the best. Because of its simplicity, it is the most used in either motoring or generating mode for synchronous or asynchronous machines. Although, it is considered as a global way of introducing the iron saturation, compared to other methods, today, its fidelity has no contest in predicting complex ac machine operations. For this purpose, the aims of this paper consists of modeling these machines whatever the state-space variables values are taking into account the magnetic saturation. Two unified procedures are proposed. The first one deals with a common approach to establishing a complete and detailed model synthesis in d-q axes. The second also presents a unified approach to introducing magnetic saturation of the iron core in the characteristic equations. The analysis takes the salient pole synchronous machine as a general case of study. Then the approaches are extended to undamped and smooth air gap synchronous machines as well as induction machines. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The present paper, which is a first part of a work under study dealing with a unified method to derive multiple models of saturated ac machines, is intended to the description of an alternative method and its application for induction and synchronous machines. It mainly consists of the following parts: first, after writing the stator and rotor space vector d-q equations, the number of possible models is immediately discussed. By considering the currents and fluxes as state-space variables, 14 models are obtained for AC induction machine (IM and SM). They are classified into three families, current (three), flux (three) and mixed models (eight). Second, in order to easily introduce the magnetic saturation in the 14 developed models, a method is presented. It consists of just elaborating the model with the winding currents as state variables, then deriving all the other models from it. Third, to emphasize the influence of the presence of magnetic saturation, in each model, each inductance along the d and q axes is written with a fundamental expression which exists with or without saturation and an additional one due purely to saturation. Hence the additional terms can be studied and quantified in an easy way or simply removed when linear case is assumed. Fourth, adopting such strategy to write the different coefficients of the models had led to the definition of common saturation factors. In turn, the definition of common saturation factors had allowed the definition of different groups of models within each family. Fifth, an alternative to evaluate the static and dynamic saturation coefficients is also proposed. It is shown that by proper fitting of the experimental magnetizing curve, all saturation coefficients can be written only in terms of which is simply the magnitudes ratio of the magnetizing flux and current. Sixth, although the theory of the main flux saturation is now admitted, an investigation was carried out on a self-excited induction generator and the build-up of voltage and current phases of a standalone alternator, to prove the equivalence between the all developed models. Findings – The number of models based on the state-space variables choice, of a saturated ac machine, is reviewed. A simple method consisting of elaborating just the winding currents model, with magnetic saturation and deriving all the other models from it, is presented. In this study special interest was particularly focussed on either novel models or existing models cited in the literature but cannot be obtained by other approaches. In all cases, if the differential equations of the machine are formulated in terms of a set of variables other than the winding currents, a noticeable reduction in the size of equations may be obtained and consequently less time computing. The approach seems to be able to derive any possible model whatever the state-space variables and the type of the ac machine and hence can be classified as a general approach. Practical implications – The experiments of synchronous and induction machine transients prove the validity of the method. Originality/value – By suitable choice of state-space characteristic vectors among the fluxes and the currents, a synthesis of AC machine models in d-q axes is established. To introduce magnetic saturation in each model, an approach-based uniquely on the elaboration of the winding currents model is exposed and applied. In addition, the analysis gives a detailed classification of all found models taking into account the state variables nature as well as the cross-coupling coefficient considered as a saturation factor. The study is completed with a simple alternative to evaluate all saturation factors by just calculating the static magnetizing inductance.

Analysis and study of two‐dimensional parameter bifurcation of wind power farms and composite loads

“…In power systems, SNBs and some types of limit‐induced bifurcation (LIBs) are characterized by the local integration and loss of power flow solutions with gradual changes in certain system parameters, mostly system demand. This phenomenon has been associated with VS problems . These kinds of bifurcations are also referred as “fold” or “turning points.”…”

“…The parameters are assumed to change “slowly,” so that the system can move from one equilibrium point to another equilibrium point with these changes. Therefore, bifurcation analysis is usually associated with the study of equilibria of the nonlinear system model …”

“…Therefore, bifurcation analysis is usually associated with the study of equilibria of the nonlinear system model. 41 In power systems, SNBs and some types of limit-induced bifurcation (LIBs) are characterized by the local integration and loss of power flow solutions with gradual changes in certain system parameters, mostly system demand. This phenomenon has been associated with VS problems.…”

“…This phenomenon has been associated with VS problems. 41 These kinds of bifurcations are also referred as "fold" or "turning points. "…”

“…Similar relation is valid for the reactive power. The values for the coefficient of the model for different load components are available in the previous studies …”