General investigations on processing tool steel X40CrMoV5-1 with selective laser melting

Krell, Julian; Röttger, Arne; Geenen, Karina; Theisen, W.

doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.01.012

Cited by 148 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Such a decrease in hardness may be related to the tempering of martensite. These findings are in a good agreement with those found by Mertens et al [19].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…The results of the microstructural investigation revealed that, other than the amount of martensite and retained austenite, the preheating process of 200 °C has no significant effect on the cellular structure in comparing with that of the non-preheated samples. These results are consistent with those findings on the processing of H13 tool steel cited in [17,19]. Considering high cooling rates experienced in SLM, it is expected to have a fully martensitic microstructure at room temperature.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…However, better mechanical properties including ultimate tensile strength comparable to those of conventionally fabricated and heat-treated parts were achieved. Krell et al [19] also investigated the effect of preheating on the properties of SLM-produced H13 tool steel. They found a significant reduction in cracking density by applying preheating of 300 °C.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Process-Structure-Property Relationships of AISI H13 Tool Steel Processed with Selective Laser Melting

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Due to a good combination of high hardness, wear resistance, toughness, resistance to high operating temperatures, and fairly low material cost, AISI H13 tool steel is commonly used in the manufacture of injection molds. Additive manufacturing (AM) such as selective laser melting (SLM), due to the layer-wise nature of the process, offers substantial geometric design freedom in comparison with conventional subtractive manufacturing methods, thereby enabling a construction of complex near-net shape parts with internal cavities like conformal cooling channels. The quality of SLM-manufactured parts mainly depends on the part geometry, build orientation and scanning strategy, and processing parameters. In this study, samples of H13 tool steel with a size of 10 × 10 × 15 mm3 were SLM-manufactured using a laser power of 100, 200, and 300 W; scanning speed of 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 mm/s; and hatch spacing of 80 and 120 µm. A constant layer thickness of 40 µm, 67° scanning rotation between subsequent layers, and a stripe scanning strategy were maintained during the process. The samples were built considering a preheating of 200 °C. The relative density, surface roughness, crack formation, microstructure, and hardness were evaluated. The relative density is shown to increase with increasing the volumetric energy density up to a value of about 60 J/mm3 and then no significant increase can be pointed out; the maximum relative density of 99.7% was obtained. A preheating of 200 °C generally aids to increase the relative density and eliminate the crack formation. The microstructure of built samples shows fine equiaxed cellular-dendritic structure with martensite and some retained austenite. The microhardness of the as-built samples was found to vary from 650 to 689 HV 0.2, which is comparable to a conventionally produced H13 tool steel.

show abstract

“…Such a decrease in hardness may be related to the tempering of martensite. These findings are in a good agreement with those found by Mertens et al [19].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Process-Structure-Property Relationships of AISI H13 Tool Steel Processed with Selective Laser Melting

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Corresponding to the conducted laser‐melting experiments, the local hardness and microstructure of L‐PBF‐built tool steels are influenced by the preheating temperature. The higher temperature level and increased heat input at higher preheating temperatures were found to result in a more homogeneous microstructure, having a lowered hardness …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing of X65MoCrWV3‐2 Cold Work Tool Steel by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Boes

Röttger

Theisen

2019

steel research int.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) of forming tools has become of major interest in the tooling industry because of the high geometrical flexibility of this process. During L-PBF, a metallic powder bed is melted selectively by a laser beam, enabling the layer-wise manufacturing of parts from 3D computer-aided design data. The process is characterized by a locally and temporally unsteady heat flow in the solidified part and in the melt pool, causing nonequilibrium solidification and phase transformations. In addition, rapid heating and cooling occur, promoting the formation of microstructural defects, cold cracks, and distortion. Because of the high tendency to form cold cracks, processing of martensitic tool steels is still a challenging task. Tool steel X65MoCrWV3-2 is processed by L-PBF and the resulting microstructure and the associated local properties are investigated by microhardness measurements, nanoindentation, and scanning electron microscopy. It is gathered from the investigations that regions of different microstructures and mechanical properties on both micro-and macroscale are present in the L-PBF-densified steel. The different microstructures and properties are the result of the alternating heat insert at different temperature regimes, forming heat-affected zones in which the tempering processes are triggered and strongly varying properties are generated.

show abstract

“…According to literature, 1.3340 (AISI M2) [3], 1.2344 (H13) [4][5][6][7], 1.2343 (H11) [8], FeCrMoVC [9], X110Cr-MoVAl 8-2 [10], X40CrMoV5-1 [11], X65MoCrWV3-2 [12], CP2M® [13] and Rapidur PM-23® [14] belong to the martensitic steels that are evaluated for PBF. The formation of martensite leads to high residual stresses during laser PBF, which can lead to cracking and distortion of the components [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SEBM processing of 42CrMo4

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Powder bed fusion of difficult-to-weld-steels such as the 42CrMo4 applied in this study is a challenging task. These materials are often susceptible to crack formation. To minimize thermal gradients and residual stresses, laser beam technologies generally require preheating of the substrates. Selective Electron Beam Melting (SEBM), on the other hand, is based on preheating the powder bed and, thus, enables crack-free printing even at greater heights. The present study demonstrates the processing of 42CrMo4 by SEBM. Besides parameter optimization, powder analysis, microstructural characterization as well as mechanical testing were carried out both for the as built and heat-treated conditions. The results indicate that the mechanical properties are comparable to those of conventional manufacturing technologies. Furthermore, a generic demonstrator with complex structures shows the high potential of SEBM for these particularly challenging steels.

show abstract

General investigations on processing tool steel X40CrMoV5-1 with selective laser melting

Cited by 148 publications

References 16 publications

Process-Structure-Property Relationships of AISI H13 Tool Steel Processed with Selective Laser Melting

Process-Structure-Property Relationships of AISI H13 Tool Steel Processed with Selective Laser Melting

Processing of X65MoCrWV3‐2 Cold Work Tool Steel by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

SEBM processing of 42CrMo4

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About