General hospital admission as an opportunity for smoking-cessation strategies: a clinical trial in Brazil

Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients

“…Of these, 29 offered support by telephone (Caruthers 2006; CASIS 1992; Chouinard 2005; Cossette 2011; de Azevedo 2010; DeBusk 1994; Dornelas 2000; Floter 2009 ; Froelicher 2004; Hasuo 2004; Hennrikus 2005; Lacasse 2008; Lewis 1998; Metz 2007; Miller 1997; Ortigosa 2000; Quist-Paulsen 2003; Rigotti 1994; Rigotti 1997; Rigotti 2006; Simon 1997; Simon 2003; Simon 2009; Smith 2009; Smith BJ 2011; Smith PM 2011; Stevens 1993; Stevens 2000; Taylor 1990), nine provided in-person support in various settings (Borglykke 2008; Campbell 1991; Campbell 1996; Meysman 2010; Mohiuddin 2007; Pedersen 2005; Reid 2003; Steinberg 2011; Vial 2002), and two offered support by telephone and/or in-person (Ortega 2011; Planer 2011). Two studies used newer technologies to contact patients after discharge: Haug 2011 provided individual feedback letters, an internet-based smoking cessation program and offered email support and Reid 2007 used an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system.…”

“…In one study the smoking cessation intervention was part of a multicomponent risk intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease (DeBusk 1994); in this case the smoking cessation intervention was well-defined and met our inclusion criteria. Two studies had a third arm consisting of control patients who were not assigned randomly (de Azevedo 2010; Ortega 2011). We excluded the nonrandomised patients from analyses of these studies.…”

“…Thirteen studies reported a shorter follow-up period of six months (Caruthers 2006; Cossette 2011; Croghan 2005; de Azevedo 2010; Floter 2009; Haug 2011; Lewis 1998; Meysman 2010; Pedersen 2005; Pederson 1991; Rigotti 1997; Simon 2009; Steinberg 2011). Fewer than half of the studies (20 of 50) used the preferred outcome measure, sustained abstinence.…”

“…Fifteen of the fifty studies reported procedures for both random sequence generation and allocation concealment that we judged likely to avoid selection bias (Cossette 2011; de Azevedo 2010; DeBusk 1994; Froelicher 2004; Hajek 2002; Hasuo 2004; Lewis 1998; Nagle 2005; Reid 2003; Reid 2007; Rigotti 2006; Smith BJ 2011; Steinberg 2011; Taylor 1990; Vial 2002). Seventeen studies did not report the method of randomization and concealment in enough detail to judge the risk of selection bias, nine studies had low risk of selection bias for random sequence generation but unclear risk for allocation concealment, and three studies had unclear risk for random sequence generation and low risk for allocation concealment.…”

“…Two studies used "corroboration by significant other" as the only validation method (Dornelas 2000; Smith 2009), and five other studies used "corroboration by significant other" in cases where a plasma or salivary cotinine measure was not available (Froelicher 2004; Lewis 1998; Miller 1997; Simon 2003; Smith 2009). Thirteen studies (Bolman 2002; Cossette 2011; de Azevedo 2010; Floter 2009; Haug 2011; Metz 2007; Meysman 2010; Pedersen 2005; Pelletier 1998; Planer 2011; Reid 2007; Stevens 1993; Stevens 2000) did not validate self-reported quitting at the follow-up assessment for any participants. Five others (Borglykke 2008; Ortega 2011; Pederson 1991; Reid 2003; Vial 2002) did not validate the smoking status of all participants who self-reported abstinence.…”