General aspects of solid on liquid growth mechanisms

Plasma Processing of Low Vapor Pressure Liquids to Generate Functional Surfaces

“…The authors describe an initial nucleation and subsequent formation of bigger aggregates due to film-forming material randomly diffusing across the liquid’s surface [ 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Whether the precursor material arriving at the liquid substrate forms floating clusters or submerges into the liquid depends on the intermolecular forces predominating gravitational effects [ 27 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. In accordance with the deposition of metal films, the occurrence of internal film stress and resulting wrinkling has been described for plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) processes which have been applied using monomers, such as ethylene, methane, hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), silane or a mixture of carbon tetrafluoride and argon, to deposit closed films on liquids [ 27 , 43 ].…”

“…Whether the precursor material arriving at the liquid substrate forms floating clusters or submerges into the liquid depends on the intermolecular forces predominating gravitational effects [ 27 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. In accordance with the deposition of metal films, the occurrence of internal film stress and resulting wrinkling has been described for plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) processes which have been applied using monomers, such as ethylene, methane, hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), silane or a mixture of carbon tetrafluoride and argon, to deposit closed films on liquids [ 27 , 43 ]. If non-film-forming process gases such as argon and hydrogen are used for the plasma treatment of liquids, such as PDMS, the liquid’s surface gets cross-linked and solidified.…”

“…If non-film-forming process gases such as argon and hydrogen are used for the plasma treatment of liquids, such as PDMS, the liquid’s surface gets cross-linked and solidified. Thus, thin, free-standing membranes made of silicone can be produced [ 27 , 43 ].…”

Top‐down approach to attach liquid polyethylene glycol to solid surfaces by plasma interaction

“…Depositing solid materials on liquids is a promising approach in many fields and can be conducted by using a variety of methods, substrates, and precursors . Low‐pressure deposition processes have successfully been used to deposit metallic, polymeric, and silicone‐like films onto liquids . These methods show promising potential for various applications like the encapsulation of liquids, the production of microstructures, and the fabrication of membranes …”