General approaches to design of a reproducible technique for the growth of large crystals of barium metaborate (BBO) for industrial application

Some reasons for the formation of grain boundaries and melt inclusions in growing large BBO crystals by TSSG technique

“…However, as the growth of large BBO single Plate that is perpendicular to the X-axis. crystals requires high-gradient thermal fields in melt media [5,7,12], the conditions for the formation of these faces as a macroscopic flatness at the crystallization front are not realized. In this case any non-singular interface of Z-axis BBO crystal is the surface for regeneration growth of the above rhombohedra face sectors, i.e.…”

“…and the typical conditions of BBO crystal growth by the TSSG technique combined with pulling (typical temperature gradients, cooling rates of solutions, seed rotation and pulling rates, etc.) were presented in our previous works [7,12]. Only Z-oriented seeds were used for growing BBO single crystals in this study.…”

“…BBO crystals grown from solutions always have growth and post-growth defects of various types, which were described elsewhere [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Some of our previous works discuss general problems of BBO crystallization from solutions, formation of structural defects, and improvement of the procedure for growing BBO crystals [3][4][5][6][7]12]. The aim of this work is to analyze further the reasons for the formation of major defects during the growth of BBO single crystals, namely grain boundaries with disordered angle orientation of different scales and melt inclusions.…”

Structural field of K2Al2B2O7-family crystals

“…Due to the developed crystal growth technology, presently, many industrial borate crystals are available with large dimensions and a high optical quality [6][7][8][9][10]. Borate compounds show interesting electronic, luminescent and chemical properties and are investigated as prospective photonic and nanotechnology materials [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Dendrite crystal morphology evolution mechanism of β-BaB2O4 crystal

“…β-BBO single crystal has been widely used in frequency conversion, quantum electronics and parametric light oscillators [3][4][5] . A variety of growth methods have been reported [6][7][8] , and the growth defects were studied by various techniques [9][10][11] .…”