Gene subtype analysis of Treponema�pallidum for drug resistance to azithromycin

Abstract

Azithromycin has been widely used for the treatment of . However, the drug resistance of for azithromycin is currently increasing. The aim of the present study was to analyze the association between gene subtypes of and drug resistance for azithromycin. The gene subtypes of were assayed by a polymerase chain reaction technique. Drug resistance of was analyzed using an antimicrobial susceptibility test. The results demonstrated that gene type presented higher drug resistance compared with and gene types of . Gene type was identified as eight gene subtypes (14a/f, 14e/f, 12e/f, 12d/f, 6d/f, 11d/f, 14j/f and 8d/f) among 324 cases. It was identified that 23S rRNA A2058G mutation was observed in gene subtypes 14a/f, 14e/f and 12e/f. A2059G mutation occurred in the gene subtypes 8d/f, 12d/f, 6d/f, 11d/f and 14j/f. The proportions of azithromycin-resistant genotypes harboring either the A2058G or the A2059G mutation among the strains were 34.2 and 65.8%, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility test demonstrated that A2059G mutations exhibited a higher drug resistance for azithromycin compared with A2058G mutations. In conclusion, these results indicate that azithromycin resistance in is associated with gene subtype, which may contribute to the treatment of .

Analysis of molecular subtypes and antibiotic resistance in Treponema pallidum isolates from blood donors in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

“…In the present study, resistance to macrolides was detected in different molecular subtypes, including 14d/f, 14d/g, 15d/g, 12d/f, 14b/f, 12e/a, 11d/f, 14e/f, and 6d/f. Similar to other studies, the mutations responsible for resistance to macrolides were observed in China in Subtypes 14e/f, 12d/f, 6d/f, and 11d/f [74]; in the UK, 14d/f and 14d/g [24]; in Australia, 14b/f, 14d/f, and 14d/g [76]; in Italy, 14d/g [73]; and in the US, 14d/f and 14d/g [10].…”

“…In the present study, nine distinct molecular subtypes of T. pallidum were found in total, including 14d/f, 14d/g, 15d/g, 12d/f, 14b/f, 12e/a, 11d/f, 14e/f, and 6d/f in 14 (51.85%), 3 (11.11%), 2 (7.40%), 1(3.70%), 2(7.40%), 1(3.70%), 2(7.40%), 1(3.70%) and 1(3.70%) of PCR-positive samples, respectively. The other studies that discovered comparable subgroups to those in our analysis include Denmark (14 d/g, 14d/f, and 14 b/f) [ 72 ], United Kingdom (14d/g and 14 d/f) [ 24 ], Argentina (14 d/f, 14d/g, and 11 d/f) [ 11 ], China (14d/f, 14e/f, 12d/f, 6d/f, 11d/f, 14b/f, 12e/a, and 14d/g) [ 15 ], Belgium (14 e/f, and 14d/g) [ 25 ], China (14d/f) [ 16 ], Italy (14d/g) [ 73 ], Denmark (14 b/f, 14 d/f, and 14d/g) [ 72 ], Peru (14d/f, 14 d/g, and 15d/g) [ 12 ], China (14d/f) [ 17 ], USA (14d/f, 14 d/g, and 15d/g) [ 10 ], China (14e/f, 12d/f, 6d/f, and 11d/f) [ 74 ], China (14d/f) [ 66 ], Taiwan (14 b/f and 14e/f) [ 75 ], France (14d/f and 14d/g) [ 14 ], USA, China, Ireland, and Madagascar (14d/f, 14 d/g, 15d/g, and 12d/f) [ 9 ], and Australia (14d/f,14d/g and 14e/f) [ 76 ].…”

Treponema pallidum in female sex workers from the Brazilian Marajó Archipelago: prevalence, risk factors, drug-resistant mutations and coinfections

“…These mutations have already been identified in a number of countries, including China, the UK, the USA and Ireland. [27][28][29][30] The present study is the first scientific report of the occurrence of these drug-resistant mutations in Brazil. This finding contributes to the understanding of the geographical distribution of drugresistant T. pallidum strains in the world and, in particular, serves as a wake-up call for the public health surveillance service in Brazil.…”

“…The occurrence and spread of drug-resistant strains have a major impact on public health, given that these mutations can hinder the treatment of syphilis, requiring the use of macrolides, which may be in limited supply in some underdeveloped regions. 6,27,29 The high prevalence of drug-resistant T. pallidum strains in the Marajó Archipelago may be related directly to the local level of self-medication, which was reported frequently by FSWs and is a very common practice in Brazil. The extensive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics, such as azithromycin, to treat miscellaneous infections of organs such as the skin, respiratory tract and genitals, contributes to the increase in prevalence of drug-resistant strains.…”

In Silico Designed Multi-Epitope Immunogen “Tpme-VAC/LGCM-2022” May Induce Both Cellular and Humoral Immunity against Treponema pallidum Infection

“…While syphilis can still be treated with penicillin with no occurrence of penicillin-resistant strains, there have been cases of macrolide-resistant strains, such as Azithromycin [ 6 ]. The disease’s prevalence in spite of the pathogen’s sensitivity to penicillin indicates the pathogen is unlikely to be controlled through screening and treatment alone [ 7 ].…”