Gene sll0033 from Synechocystis 6803 Encodes a Carotene Isomerase Involved in the Biosynthesis of all-E Lycopene

Breitenbach, Jürgen; Vioque, Álvaro; Sandmann, Gerhard

doi:10.1515/znc-2001-9-1041

Cited by 62 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…In GSB, cyanobacteria, and plants, the enzymes CrtP and CrtQ successively desaturate phytoene to 7,9,7Ј,9Јtetra-cis-lycopene (12,(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42), and an isomerase, CrtH, converts cis-lycopene to all-trans-lycopene (3,(43)(44)(45)(46), instead of using CrtI to to convert phytoene to neurosporene or all-translycopene (40,(47)(48)(49). Genes homologous to known lycopene cyclases were not found in the completed genomes of C. tepidum, Gloeobacter violaceus sp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification of a fourth family of lycopene cyclases in photosynthetic bacteria

Maresca

Graham

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

133

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A fourth and large family of lycopene cyclases was identified in photosynthetic prokaryotes. The first member of this family, encoded by the cruA gene of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum, was identified in a complementation assay with a lycopene-producing strain of Escherichia coli. Orthologs of cruA are found in all available green sulfur bacterial genomes and in all cyanobacterial genomes that lack genes encoding CrtL-or CrtY-type lycopene cyclases. The cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 has two homologs of CruA, denoted CruA and CruP, and both were shown to have lycopene cyclase activity. Although all characterized lycopene cyclases in plants are CrtL-type proteins, genes orthologous to cruP also occur in plant genomes. The CruA-and CruP-type carotenoid cyclases are members of the FixC dehydrogenase superfamily and are distantly related to CrtL-and CrtY-type lycopene cyclases. Identification of these cyclases fills a major gap in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathways of green sulfur bacteria and cyanobacteria.carotenogenesis ͉ carotenoids ͉ cyanobacteria ͉ green sulfur bacteria ͉ photosynthesis C olored carotenoids are found in nearly all photosynthetic species and in a variety of nonphotosynthetic organisms and play roles in light-harvesting, photoprotection, structural maintenance of pigment-protein complexes (1), and membrane structure and fluidity (2). The cyclization of the linear compound lycopene to produce ␣-, ␤-, ␥-, or -carotene is a branch point in carotenoid biosynthetic pathways in many species of bacteria, plants, and fungi (3, 4). The monocyclic ␥-carotene is a precursor to myxoxanthophylls in cyanobacteria (5, 6), is both an intermediate and an end product of carotenogenesis in orange and yellow flowers and fruits (7-10), and is an intermediate in chlorobactene biosynthesis in green sulfur bacteria (GSB) (11-13). Dicyclic ␤-carotene is a major component of photosystems (PS) I and II in cyanobacteria and plants (14,15) and is modified to isorenieratene in brown-colored GSB and some actinomycetes (16,17).Three classes of lycopene cyclases have previously been identified in bacteria: the CrtY-type ␤-cyclases that are found in many carotenogenic proteobacteria (e.g., refs. 18 and 19), Streptomyces spp. (17), and the Chloroflexi; the CrtL family, which includes the ␤-and -cyclases in some cyanobacteria and plants (20,21); and the heterodimeric cyclases of some Gram-positive bacteria (22, 23), which are related to the lycopene cyclases of archaea (24, 25) and halophilic bacteria (26). These classes are distantly related to each other and share only a few conserved motifs, including an N-terminal flavin-binding domain that is found in the first two groups but appears to be missing in the third (27). Carotenoid monocyclases are found in both the CrtY and CrtL families (28-30), and there are no obvious sequence differences between mono-and dicyclases (28).The cyclization of lycopene to ␥-or ␤-carotene is an isomerization reaction, which produces no net change in mass or redox state o...

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confidence: 99%

Identification of a fourth family of lycopene cyclases in photosynthetic bacteria

Maresca

Graham

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

133

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“…strain PCC 6803. In this strain, phytoene synthase (CrtB) produces phytoene (21), phytoene desaturase (CrtP) catalyzes a two-step desaturation to produce -carotene (20), -carotene desaturase (CrtQb) catalyzes another two-step desaturation to produce lycopene (4), and poly-cis-neurosporene and lycopene produced during desaturation are changed to all-trans forms by cis-carotene isomerase (CrtH) (5,23). ␤-Carotene is converted to zeaxanthin by ␤-carotene hydroxylase (CrtR) (15,22) and is converted to echinenone by ␤-carotene ketolase (CrtO) (11,16).…”

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Substrate Specificities and Availability of Fucosyltransferase and β-Carotene Hydroxylase for Myxol 2′-Fucoside Synthesis in Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120 Compared with Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803

et al. 2008

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To elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids, especially myxol 2-glycosides, in cyanobacteria, Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 (also known as Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120) and Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 deletion mutants lacking selected proposed carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes and GDP-fucose synthase (WcaG), which is required for myxol 2-fucoside production, were analyzed. The carotenoids in these mutants were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography, field desorption mass spectrometry, and Cyanobacteria synthesize carotenoids, as do all phototrophic organisms. The carotenoids in cyanobacteria are not limited to just the common carotenoids, such as ␤-carotene, but also include some unique ketocarotenoids and carotenoid glycosides, which are not found in higher plants (6). It has become evident from several recent studies that these unique carotenoids are different in different cyanobacterial species, and cyanobacteria can be classified into several groups based on their unique carotenoids (39). Members of the first group, which includes the genera Anabaena and Nostoc, contain ␤-carotene, keto derivatives of ␤-carotene such as echinenone, and myxol glycosides, but little or no zeaxanthin. Members of the second group, including Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 and Thermosynechococcus elongatus strain BP-1, contain these carotenoids as well as zeaxanthin. Members of the third group, which includes the genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, contain ␤-carotene, zeaxanthin, and nostoxanthin but lack both ketocarotenoids and carotenoid glycosides. Prochlorococcus also contains ␣-carotene, and the lycopene cyclases in these genera have homology to those of plants.We recently identified the molecular structures of carotenoids in some Anabaena and Nostoc strains, and we proposed carotenogenesis pathways and genes (37,38). In these genera, the major carotenoids were ␤-carotene and echinenone, and the polar carotenoids were myxol and 4-ketomyxol glycosides.

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“…4B) that is present in the native system but not in E. coli. For example, the carotene isomerase (CrtH) (4,22) encoded by sll0033 may have a role in providing the proper isomer required for Slr1293 and thus control the ratio of the precursors for monocyclic versus bicyclic carotenoids in this cyanobacterium.…”

Section: Vol 186 2004mentioning

confidence: 99%

Slr1293 in Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 Is the C-3′,4′ Desaturase (CrtD) Involved in Myxoxanthophyll Biosynthesis

Mohamed

Vermaas

2004

J Bacteriol

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When grown at high light intensity, more than a quarter of the total carotenoids in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis consists of myxoxanthophyll, a polar carotenoid glycoside. The biosynthetic pathway of myxoxanthophyll is unknown but is presumed to involve a number of enzymes, including a C-3,4 desaturase required to add one double bond to generate 11 conjugated double bonds in the monocyclic myxoxanthophyll. A candidate for this desaturase is Slr1293, which was identified by genome similarity searching. To determine whether Slr1293 is a desaturase recognizing neurosporene and lycopene, slr1293 was expressed in Escherichia coli strains accumulating neurosporene or lycopene. Confirming such a desaturase function for Slr1293, these E. coli strains accumulated 3,4-didehydroneurosporene and 3,4-didehydrolycopene, respectively. Indeed, deletion of slr1293 in Synechocystis provides further evidence that Slr1293 is a desaturase recognizing neurosporene: In the slr1293 deletion mutant, neurosporene was found to accumulate and was further processed to produce neurosporene glycoside. Neurosporene hereby becomes a primary candidate to be the branch point molecule between carotene and myxoxanthophyll biosynthesis in this cyanobacterium. The slr1293 gene was concluded to encode a C-3,4 desaturase that is essential for myxoxanthophyll biosynthesis, and thus it was designated as crtD. Furthermore, as Slr1293 appears to recognize neurosporene and to catalyze the first committed step on the myxoxanthophyll biosynthesis pathway, Slr1293 plays a pivotal role in directing a portion of the precursor pool for carotenoid biosynthesis toward myxoxanthophyll biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803.

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Gene sll0033 from Synechocystis 6803 Encodes a Carotene Isomerase Involved in the Biosynthesis of all-E Lycopene

Cited by 62 publications

References 0 publications

Identification of a fourth family of lycopene cyclases in photosynthetic bacteria

Identification of a fourth family of lycopene cyclases in photosynthetic bacteria

Substrate Specificities and Availability of Fucosyltransferase and β-Carotene Hydroxylase for Myxol 2′-Fucoside Synthesis in Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120 Compared with Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803

Slr1293 in Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 Is the C-3′,4′ Desaturase (CrtD) Involved in Myxoxanthophyll Biosynthesis

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