Gene Sets for Utilization of Primary and Secondary Nutrition Supplies in the Distal Gut of Endangered Iberian Lynx

Abstract

Recent studies have indicated the existence of an extensive trans-genomic trans-mural co-metabolism between gut microbes and animal hosts that is diet-, host phylogeny- and provenance-influenced. Here, we analyzed the biodiversity at the level of small subunit rRNA gene sequence and the metabolic composition of 18 Mbp of consensus metagenome sequences and activity characteristics of bacterial intra-cellular extracts, in wild Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) fecal samples. Bacterial signatures (14.43% of all of the Firmicutes reads and 6.36% of total reads) related to the uncultured anaerobic commensals Anaeroplasma spp., which are typically found in ovine and bovine rumen, were first identified. The lynx gut was further characterized by an over-representation of ‘presumptive’ aquaporin aqpZ genes and genes encoding ‘active’ lysosomal-like digestive enzymes that are possibly needed to acquire glycerol, sugars and amino acids from glycoproteins, glyco(amino)lipids, glyco(amino)glycans and nucleoside diphosphate sugars. Lynx gut was highly enriched (28% of the total glycosidases) in genes encoding α-amylase and related enzymes, although it exhibited low rate of enzymatic activity indicative of starch degradation. The preponderance of β-xylosidase activity in protein extracts further suggests lynx gut microbes being most active for the metabolism of β-xylose containing plant N-glycans, although β-xylosidases sequences constituted only 1.5% of total glycosidases. These collective and unique bacterial, genetic and enzymatic activity signatures suggest that the wild lynx gut microbiota not only harbors gene sets underpinning sugar uptake from primary animal tissues (with the monotypic dietary profile of the wild lynx consisting of 80–100% wild rabbits) but also for the hydrolysis of prey-derived plant biomass. Although, the present investigation corresponds to a single sample and some of the statements should be considered qualitative, the data most likely suggests a tighter, more coordinated and complex evolutionary and nutritional ecology scenario of carnivore gut microbial communities than has been previously assumed.

Convergence of gut microbiomes in myrmecophagous mammals

“…), Iberian lynx (Alcaide et al . ) and pygmy loris (Xu et al . ), providing comparative data for future studies of myrmecophagous mammals.…”

Gut microbiomes of free‐ranging and captive Namibian cheetahs: Diversity, putative functions and occurrence of potential pathogens

“…In the cheetah core microbiome, the two bacterial classes Clostridia (67.9%) and Fusobacteria (18.4%) were the dominant taxa at the class level. Both are commonly present in soil and are observed in the gut of other free‐ranging carnivore species (Alcaide et al., ; Menke et al., ; Sommer et al., ; Zhang & Chen, ) and humans (Lopetuso, Scaldaferri, Petito, & Gasbarrini, ). Clostridia plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the human gut (Lopetuso et al., ).…”

Functional consequences of microbial shifts in the human gastrointestinal tract linked to antibiotic treatment and obesity

“…Glycosidase activity was quantified in triplicates in 96-well plates using a BioTek Synergy HT spectrophotometer in a colorimetric assay with a set of 23 structurally diverse sugars (as p -nitrophenol [ p NP] derivatives, all from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) that represented the core structure of common glycans and under previously described conditions, 39 with minor modifications. Briefly, reactions contained 4.0 μg total protein and 1 mg/ml sugar substrate (from a 10-mg/ml stock solution) in a 20-mM glycine buffer (pH 9.0, T = 30°C in a final volume of 150 μl).…”