Gene Flow Patterns among Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations in Sri Lanka

Fernando, H.S.D.; Hapugoda, Menaka; Perera, Rushika; Black, William C.; Silva, B G D N K De

doi:10.3390/insects11030169

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…1. These samples have been previously collected through ovitraps and BG-1 Sentinel traps and a maximum of 5 individuals per trap have been selected to avoid sampling of homogeneous populations [31].…”

Section: Genotyping For the Detection Of Kdr Mutationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance to commonly used insecticides and underlying mechanisms of resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) from Sri Lanka

et al. 2020

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Background: Drastic increases of dengue fever (DF) over the past few years have prompted studies on the development of resistance to insecticides in the mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus). In Sri Lanka control of the vector population is essentially achieved using larvicides (temephos) and adulticides (principally pyrethroids). The present study investigates resistance to commonly used insecticides and underlying mechanisms of Ae. aegypti in selected sites in Sri Lanka. Methods: In this study, susceptibility to three commonly used adulticides (malathion, permethrin and deltamethrin) and the larvicide temephos were tested for Ae. aegypti sampled from five localities in Sri Lanka using WHO dose diagnostics tests. In addition, we performed dose-response tests for permethrin to determine lethal concentrations (LCs) with CDC bottle bioassays. An assessment of the activity of metabolic detoxifying enzymes (multifunction oxidases (MFOs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and esterases) and determination of frequency of the kdr mutations (F1534C, V1016G and S989P) were also carried out to ascertain the associated resistance mechanisms. Kdr genotype frequencies were compared with samples collected from the same sites in 2015 to determine the change of allele frequencies over the years. Results: The present study revealed resistance in all Ae. aegypti populations studied, with low mortality percentages for both permethrin (10-89%) and deltamethrin (40-92%). Dose response tests revealed highest resistance ratios (RR) for permethrin and temephos from Colombo district whereas Puttalum district exhibited the lowest. High frequencies of the 1534C allele (0.052-0.802) were found in the study sites in 2017. Comparison with samples collected in 2015 revealed a substantial increase in this allele. The activity of MFOs and p-nitro phenyl-acetate esterase was significantly greater in most Sri Lankan populations in comparison to that of the New Orleans (NO) susceptible strain. In contrast, the activity of α-esterase and β-esterase was similar or lower than that in the NO strain.

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Section: Genotyping For the Detection Of Kdr Mutationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance to commonly used insecticides and underlying mechanisms of resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) from Sri Lanka

et al. 2020

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“…This, together with the absence of a correlation between genetic and geographic distance, is consistent with long‐distance passive dispersal of A. aegypti in Saudi Arabia. Passive dispersal through human transportation (largely in the form of immature stages or eggs) is commonly inferred in A. aegypti (Carvajal et al., 2020; Fernando et al., 2020; Hlaing et al., 2010; Maffey et al., 2020, 2022; Rasheed et al., 2013). This has generally been attributed to facilitation by human movement, particularly by road.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Landscape features such as highways, rivers and primary roads play an important role in the dispersal of A. aegypti (Regilme et al, 2021). Passive dispersal through human transportation (likely in the form of immature stages or eggs) has been reported in A. aegypti from Argentina (Maffey et al, 2020(Maffey et al, , 2022, Sri Lanka (Fernando et al, 2020) and Southeast Asia (Hlaing et al, 2010;Huber et al, 2002). Due to the short flight distance (average lifetime dispersal <200 m), active dispersal in A. aegypti is unlikely to shape genetic structure at the countrywide level (Moore & Brown, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsatellite‐based analysis reveals Aedes aegypti populations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia result from colonization by both the ancestral African and the global domestic forms

Mashlawi,

Alqahtani,

Abuelmaali

et al. 2024

Evolutionary Applications

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The Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) mosquito is the main vector of dengue, chikungunya and Zika and is well established today all over the world. The species comprises two forms: the ancestral form found throughout Africa and a global domestic form that spread to the rest of the tropics and subtropics. In Saudi Arabia, A. aegypti has been known in the southwest since 1956, and previous genetic studies clustered A. aegypti from Saudi Arabia with the global domestic form. The purpose of this study was to assess the genetic structure of A. aegypti in Saudi Arabia and determine their geographic origin. Genetic data for 17 microsatellites were collected for A. aegypti ranging from the southwestern highlands of Saudi Arabia on the border of Yemen to the north‐west in Madinah region as well as from Thailand and Uganda populations (as representatives of the ancestral African and global domestic forms, respectively). The low but significant level of genetic structuring in Saudi Arabia was consistent with long‐distance dispersal capability possibly through road connectivity and human activities, that is, passive dispersal. There are two main genetic groupings in Saudi Arabia, one of which clusters with the Ugandan population and the other with the Thailand population with many Saudi Arabian individuals having mixed ancestry. The hypothesis of genetic admixture of the ancestral African and global domestic forms in Saudi Arabia was supported by approximate Bayesian computational analyses. The extent of admixture varied across Saudi Arabia. African ancestry was highest in the highland area of the Jazan region followed by the lowland Jazan and Sahil regions. Conversely, the western (Makkah, Jeddah and Madinah) and Najran populations corresponded to the global domesticated form. Given potential differences between the forms in transmission capability, ecology and behaviour, the findings here should be taken into account in vector control efforts in Saudi Arabia.

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“…Several studies on the genetic structure of Ae. aegypti have been conducted using microsatellite markers in different parts of the world such as the Pacific region 12 , China 13 , United States of America 14 , Philippines 15 , Sri Lanka 16 , Black Sea 17 , Kenya 18 , Sudan 3 and several others. A global study reviewed the genetic variation at 12 microsatellite loci in 79 Ae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population genetic structure of Aedes aegypti subspecies in selected geographical locations in Sudan

Abuelmaali,

Mashlawi,

Ishak

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Although knowledge of the composition and genetic diversity of disease vectors is important for their management, this is limiting in many instances. In this study, the population structure and phylogenetic relationship of the two Aedes aegypti subspecies namely Aedes aegypti aegypti (Aaa) and Aedes aegypti formosus (Aaf) in eight geographical areas in Sudan were analyzed using seven microsatellite markers. Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) for the two subspecies revealed that Aaa deviated from HWE among the seven microsatellite loci, while Aaf exhibited departure in five loci and no departure in two loci (A10 and M201). The Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA) plots revealed that the Aaa populations from Port Sudan, Tokar, and Kassala clustered together (which is consistent with the unrooted phylogenetic tree), Aaf from Fasher and Nyala populations clustered together, and Gezira, Kadugli, and Junaynah populations also clustered together. The Bayesian cluster analysis structured the populations into two groups suggesting two genetically distinct groups (subspecies). Isolation by distance test revealed a moderate to strong significant correlation between geographical distance and genetic variations (p = 0.003, r = 0.391). The migration network created using divMigrate demonstrated that migration and gene exchange between subspecies populations appear to occur based on their geographical proximity. The genetic structure of the Ae. aegypti subspecies population and the gene flow among them, which may be interpreted as the mosquito vector's capacity for dispersal, were revealed in this study. These findings will help in the improvement of dengue epidemiology research including information on the identity of the target vector/subspecies and the arboviruses vector surveillance program.

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Gene Flow Patterns among Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations in Sri Lanka

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

Resistance to commonly used insecticides and underlying mechanisms of resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) from Sri Lanka

Resistance to commonly used insecticides and underlying mechanisms of resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) from Sri Lanka

Microsatellite‐based analysis reveals Aedes aegypti populations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia result from colonization by both the ancestral African and the global domestic forms

Population genetic structure of Aedes aegypti subspecies in selected geographical locations in Sudan

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