Gene flow from glyphosate‐resistant crops

Mallory‐Smith, Carol; Zapiola, Maria Luz

doi:10.1002/ps.1517

Cited by 95 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Since then, non-transgenic crops have been found to carry genes engineered for beneficial traits, which arose through hybridization among cultivars. Examples include cotton, creeping bentgrass, canola, alfalfa, corn, soybean, and sugar beet (reviewed in [5]). On occasion, transgenic crop-crop or crop-wild hybrids have been found following small-scale field trials of genetically modified cultivars [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefits of Transgenic Insect Resistance in Brassica Hybrids under Selection

et al. 2015

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Field trials of transgenic crops may result in unintentional transgene flow to compatible crop, native, and weedy species. Hybridization outside crop fields may create novel forms with potential negative outcomes for wild and weedy plant populations. We report here the outcome of large outdoor mesocosm studies with canola (Brassica napus), transgenic canola, a sexually compatible weed B. rapa, and their hybrids. Brassica rapa was hybridized with canola and canola carrying a transgene for herbivore resistance (Bt Cry1Ac) and grown in outdoor mesocosms under varying conditions of competition and insect herbivory. Treatment effects differed significantly among genotypes. Hybrids were larger than all other genotypes, and produced more seeds than the B. rapa parent. Under conditions of heavy herbivory, plants carrying the transgenic resistance were larger and produced more seeds than non-transgenic plants. Pollen derived gene flow from transgenic canola to B. rapa varied between years (5%-22%) and was not significantly OPEN ACCESSAgronomy 2015, 5 22 impacted by herbivory. These results confirm that canola-weed hybrids benefit from transgenic resistance and are aggressive competitors with congeneric crops and ruderals. Because some crop and crop-weed hybrids may be competitively superior, escapees may alter the composition and ecological functions of plant communities near transgenic crop fields.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefits of Transgenic Insect Resistance in Brassica Hybrids under Selection

et al. 2015

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“…Gene transfers between the chief glyphosate-resistant GM crops (Owen, 2008;Mallory-Smith and Zapiola, 2008) and weedy relatives have occurred in some GM crops e.g. canola (oilseed rape) and maize (corn).…”

Section: Environmental Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotechnology in agriculture

Mannion

Morse

2012

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

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Genetically-modified (GM) varieties of crops, notably soybean, maize, rape (canola) and cotton were first grown commercially in 1996. In 2010 they occupied 148 million ha in 29 countries, mostly in the Americas and Asia but with an obvious absence in Europe where their introduction has been controversial due to concerns about environmental impairment and adverse impacts on human health. This paper reviews the published literature on the agronomic and environmental impact of GM crops in the last 15 years (a related paper by Morse and Mannion reviews the socio-economic impact). Overall, the impact of GM crops has largely been agronomically and environmentally positive in both developed and developing world contexts. The often claimed negative impacts of GM crops have yet to materialise on large scales in the field. Agronomically, there have been yield increases per unit area, mainly due to reduced losses as a result of improved pest i.e. insect and weed control; in the case of conventional crops grown near GM varieties with insect resistance 2 there have been benefits due to the so-called 'halo' effect. Environmentally, the decrease in insecticide use has benefitted non-target and beneficial organisms while surface and groundwater contamination is less significant; human-health problems related to pesticide use have also declined. Equally important is the reduced carbon footprint as energy inputs are reduced. Of particular note, however, is the recognition that the success or longevity of GM crops is reliant on the speed with which resistance develops in target weeds and insects.However, resistance to GM-based plant resistance is already being detected in some pest populations and this suggests that scientists and farmers cannot be complacent. Current GM approaches are relatively transitory as a means of combating pests, as are conventional pesticides, and good management will determine how long this strategy proves positive.However, GM is a comparatively new science and the possibilities are considerable.

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“…The primary mechanisms by which Cry1Ac may be introduced into a non-agricultural environment are movement and establishment of the GE plant outside of cultivated areas, and gene flow from the GE plant to a naturalized population or other sexually compatible relatives (Mallory-Smith and Zapiola, 2008). Risk assessments for GE plants expressing Cry1Ac have considered the potential impacts associated with both types of movement (CFIA, 1997;CTNBio, 2005;Japan BCH, 1997, 2007OGTR, 2002aOGTR, , 2003bOGTR, , 2003cOGTR, , 2005OGTR, , 2006bUSDA APHIS, 1994, 1997a, 1997b, 1997c.…”

Section: Weediness In Non-agricultural Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the environmental safety of the Cry1Ac protein

2011

Environ. Biosafety Res.

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1 Event refers to a single transformation event: the incorporation of a transgene into a plant genome. A single transformation event can be crossed into multiple lines.2 Tomato Event 5345 expressing Cry1Ac was deregulated by USDA APHIS but never received registration as a pesticide with the USEPA and was not commercialized anywhere in the world. It will not be considered elsewhere in this paper. 3 This includes approvals for lines generated through breeding and transformation with additional transgenes.

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Gene flow from glyphosate‐resistant crops

Cited by 95 publications

References 64 publications

Benefits of Transgenic Insect Resistance in Brassica Hybrids under Selection

Benefits of Transgenic Insect Resistance in Brassica Hybrids under Selection

Biotechnology in agriculture

A review of the environmental safety of the Cry1Ac protein

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