Gene flow across tribal barriers and its effect among the Amazonian Içana river Indians

Abstract

Demographic information was obtained from 622 individuals of five communities of primarily Baniwa Amerindians living near the Içana river in Brazil. Four of these populations, plus another from the same area, were also studied genetically. The latter investigation included the blood and, in some cases, saliva of 531 subjects, variously tested in relation to 40 genetic systems. Demographically these groups are characterized by young age, high intertribal admixture, low non-Indian admixture, high exogamy but low marital distance and high inbreeding, high fertility but low variance in offspring number, and relatively low mortality. Their gene pool shows a peptidase B variant (PEPB2BAN1) and "private" polymorphism of carbonic anhydrase2 (CA2BAN1) until now observed only among them. Other distinctive characteristics are the low frequencies of LNS (0.08), LNs (0.09), RZ (0.01), RO or r(0.02), ACPA (0.08), GALTD (0.01), and the relatively high prevalences of Gm (0.05) and Gc1 (0.82). TfDchi occurs with a low prevalence (0.01). Genetic distance analysis reveals that the one Baniwa sample by history comprised of minimally admixed individuals is quite similar genetically to the Wapishana, another Arawak-speaking tribe some 900 km to the east, and that the genetic distances between the Baniwa communities reflect the amount of historical admixture in a way that indicates which should be excluded from considerations of intertribal genetic distances. Finally, the genetic relation of the Baniwa to the nearby tribes is examined.

New developments in the origins and evolution of Native American populations

“…Fourth, the processes that led to the development of new cultures and languages most likely restricted genetic contact among different American Indian populations. This increased genetic differentiation among groups (Spuhler, 1972;Spuhler, 1979;Salzano et al, 1986;Hunley and Long, 2005;Hunley et al, 2007;Cabana et al, 2008). Fifth, European contact caused a nearly total population collapse; entire groups were lost, formerly distinct populations amalgamated, and genetic admixture with non-Indians occurred (Mulligan et al, 2004).…”

Matrix correlation analysis in anthropology and genetics

“…We turn to a series of real examples from our own work and that of our collaborators, for each of which an attempt has been made to capitalize on the background and theoretical information that made the problem interesting in the first place. Salzano et al (1986) have recently completed a demographic and genetic study of the Baniwa, an Arawak-speaking tribe of northern Brazil. The broad objectives were to compare this tribe with other groups from northern Brazil and neighboring Venezuela, most of whom are not Arawak-speakers.…”

“…Relative distances along the river were measured with a planimeter from the map, and the genetic distances were computed from ten polymorphic genetic loci (Salzano et al, 1986). Both genetic (AGy) and riverine travel (ARy) distances are presented in Table 2; analysis yields rGR = 501.…”

“…Recently, a versatile test of matrix correspondence, originally developed by Mantel (1967), has gained wide popularity in geography (Hubert and Golledge, 1982), ecology (Manly, 1986;Burgman, 1987), psychometrics (Hubert and Baker, 1978;Hubert, 1979aHubert, ,b, 1985Hubert, , 1987Hubert and Subkoviak, 1979;Hubert and Golledge, 19811, population biology (Sokal, 1979;Sokal et al, 1980;Douglas and Endler, 1982;Schnell et al, 1985, 19861, and systematics (Dietz, 19831, as well as in anthropology (Dow and Cheverud, 1985;Salzano et al, 1986;Sokal et al, 1986;Dow et al, 1987;Long et al, 1987;O'Brien, 1987;Smouse and Wood, 1987;Barrantes et al, 1990). The Mantel test has been generalized in different fashions (Hubert, 1985(Hubert, , 1987Dow and Cheverud, 1985;Manly, 1986;Krackhardt, 1987Krackhardt, , 1988Dow and de Waal, 1989), and provides a useful analytical framework for matrix correlation analysis.…”

Albumin genetic variability in South America: Population distribution and molecular studies

“…3 1:Arends et al (1969); 2:Santos et al (1998); 3:Arends et al (1970),Tanis et al (1973); 4: Neel (1978); 5:Salzano et al (1974b),Geerdink et al (1974); 6:Neel et al (1997),Salzano et al (1980b); 7:Salzano et al (1990); 8:Weitkamp et al (1973a),Salzano et al (1997b); 9:Ferrell et al (1978); 10: Populations for which no variants were found (name, sample size, and reference): Apalai-Wayana, 129,Salzano et al (1988), Arara, 61,Salzano et al (1991); Araucano (Mapuche), 314,Haas et al (1985),Carnese et al (1996),Goicoechea et al (1998); Araweté, 112,Salzano et al (1991); Asurini, 158,Black et al (1988); Aymará , 1379,Ferrell et al (1980); Ayoreo, 358,Salzano et al (1978); Baniwa, 377,Mohrenweiser et al (1979); Cayapo, 993, Salzano et al (1972), Callegari-Jacques et al (1994), Santos et al (1998); Central Pano, 463; Johnston et al (1969), Mohrenweiser et al (1979); Cinta Larga, 92, Callegari-Jacques et al (1994); Cofan, 68, Kirk et al (1974); Emerillon, 51, Tchen et al (1978); Gaviã o, 182, Salzano et al (1998); Guahibo (Cuiva), 104, Tchen et al (1979); Guarani, 80,Salzano et al (1997a); Içana Indians, 148,Salzano et al (1986); Ingano, 41,Kirk et al (1974); Jamamadi, 37,Salzano et al (1991); Kaingang, 449, Salzano et al (1980a, 1997a; Kanamari, 100,Mohrenweiser et al (1979); Karitiana, 94, Callegari-Jacques et al (1994); Krahó, 193, Neel (1978); Macushi, 694, Neel et al (1977),Salzano et al (1984); Mundurucu, 361,Salzano et al (1991),Santos et al (1998); Noanama, 155, Kirk et al (1974); Pacaá s Novos, 222, Salzano et al (1985b); Palikour, 115, Santos et al (1998); Parakanã , 252, Black et al (1980; Quechua, 39,Modiano et al (1972); Sateré- Mawé, 170, Salzano et al (1985a); Surui, 198, Callegari-Jacques et al (1994),Salzano et al (199...…”