Gene expression in skeletal muscle in response to stretch and force generation

Goldspink, Geoffrey; Scutt, Andrew; Loughna, Paul T.; Wells, Dominic J.; Jaenicke, Thomas; Gerlach, Gerald-F.

doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1992.262.3.r356

Cited by 149 publications

(144 citation statements)

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“…This finding argues against formation of new fibers with increased tension and removal of fibers with decreased tension, but supports re-establishing the baseline composition, and is consistent with prior studies [5,48]. Our resultant hypertrophied Type IIa and Type IIb fibers appear to run counter to the studies previously mentioned, where muscle demonstrates hypertrophy of slow fibers and a decrease in fast glycolytic fiber content when subjected to increased load [12,14,16,49]. We speculate that slow fiber myosin production may have initially increased relative to fast heavy chain myosin production, however with time the slow fiber content may have receded to baseline once the muscle was being used while the fast fiber content increased with over use (resistance training) due to increased tension.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Muscle Force and Power Following Tendon Repair at Altered Tendon Length

Krochmal¹,

Kuzon²,

Urbanchek³

2008

Journal of Surgical Research

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…When muscle length is permanently changed, sarcomere number alters to accommodate an absolute optimal sarcomere length [6][7][8][9][10][11]. Loading or stretching a muscle to increase passive tension up-regulates slow myosin mRNA production [12,13]. Increased expression of slow and intermediate MHC isoforms is also observed [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle Force and Power Following Tendon Repair at Altered Tendon Length

Krochmal¹,

Kuzon²,

Urbanchek³

2008

Journal of Surgical Research

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“…In rat limb muscles, postnatal muscle phenotype is regulated by MHC gene expression either as a result from mechanical stretch induced by skeletal growth and/or increased muscle activity (18). At present, there is no direct information regarding the transcriptional regulation of MHC isoform expression during postnatal development of the rat Dia m .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms underlying myosin heavy chain expression during development of the rat diaphragm muscle

Geiger¹,

Bailey²,

Mantilla³

et al. 2006

Journal of Applied Physiology

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real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; electrophoresis; myosin heavy chain gene regulation; muscle plasticity IN THE RAT DIAPHRAGM MUSCLE (Dia m ), significant changes in myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression occur during the first 4 wk of postnatal development (22-24, 38, 39, 41). Most fibers express protein for the MHC Neo isoform at birth (P-0), but the relative expression of this isoform gradually decreases until it disappears by postnatal day 28 (P-28). In contrast, MHC 2X and MHC 2B protein isoforms are not expressed in the rat Dia m until at least the second postnatal week. Postnatal development of the rat Dia m is also characterized by changes in muscle contractile properties and by significant growth of muscle fibers, most notably those expressing MHC 2X and MHC 2B (15,22,36,38,42,43,45,47). Thus the relative MHC isoform composition changes during postnatal development of the Dia m , and ultimately it determines Dia m function. At the present time, very little is known about the underlying mechanisms regulating MHC phenotype expression.Previous studies of postnatal development, both in limb muscles and the Dia m , have focused exclusively on changes in the relative protein expression of the different MHC isoforms in the whole muscle (9, 11, 22-24, 30, 31, 33, 38, 39, 45). However, during postnatal development of the rat Dia m , MHC content (measured by MHC mass per half-sarcomere volume and fiber cross-sectional area) increases markedly (15). This increase varies across fiber types (classified based on MHC isoform expression). At single Dia m fibers, the developmental increase in MHC content is greater in fibers expressing MHC 2X and/or MHC 2B isoforms than in those expressing MHC Slow or MHC 2A . Thus, during postnatal development, not only do Dia m fibers increase in size but also they increase their MHC protein content. This substantial increase in total MHC protein expression across Dia m fiber types is not evident if only the relative expression of MHC isoform is examined.The period from birth to adulthood provides a unique and significant opportunity to examine the mechanisms underlying rapid muscle growth and phenotype transitions. In rat limb muscles, postnatal muscle phenotype is regulated by MHC gene expression either as a result from mechanical stretch induced by skeletal growth and/or increased muscle activity (18). At present, there is no direct information regarding the transcriptional regulation of MHC isoform expression during postnatal development of the rat Dia m .An increase in MHC protein of the rat Dia m during postnatal development could be due to transcriptional, translational, and/or posttranslational mechanisms, which may vary depending on fiber type (10). Assuming transcriptional rate remains constant, an increase in mRNA expression would result in increased protein expression. For example, patterns of MHC isoform-specific mRNA and protein expression are very similar during postnatal development in pigs (25). We hypothesized that postnatal transitions ...

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“…C2C12s differentiated into mature myotubes in the presence of IGF-1, whose use we previously reported to accelerate muscle differentiation in 3D engineered systems in a physiologically relevant manner 3 . We also hypothesized that forcing the tissue to compact and differentiate in this constrained environment would result in greater myotube alignment along the longitudinal axis 2 , as the imposition of this static mechanical cue during muscle development would contribute to improved functionality and force production 30,31 . The design and fabrication of an instructive environment for this cellular system were easily achieved with the use of stereolithographic 3D printing 24,25 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3D-printed platform for modular neuromuscular motor units

et al. 2017

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A complex and functional living cellular system requires the interaction of one or more cell types to perform specific tasks, such as sensing, processing, or force production. Modular and flexible platforms for fabrication of such multi-cellular modules and their characterization have been lacking. Here, we present a modular cellular system, made up of multi-layered tissue rings containing integrated skeletal muscle and motor neurons (MNs) embedded in an extracellular matrix. The MNs were differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells through the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs), which are spherical aggregations of cells grown in a suspension culture. The EBs were integrated into a tissue ring with skeletal muscle, which was differentiated in parallel, to create a co-culture amenable to both cell types. The multi-layered rings were then sequentially placed on a stationary three-dimensionalprinted hydrogel structure resembling an anatomical muscle-tendon-bone organization. We demonstrate that the site-specific innervation of a group of muscle fibers in the multi-layered tissue rings allows for muscle contraction via chemical stimulation of MNs with glutamate, a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system, with the frequency of contraction increasing with glutamate concentration. The addition of tubocurarine chloride (a nicotinic receptor antagonist) halted the contractions, indicating that muscle contraction was MN induced. With a bio-fabricated system permitting controllable mechanical and geometric attributes in a range of length scales, our novel engineered cellular system can be utilized for easier integration of other modular "building blocks" in living cellular and biological machines.

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Gene expression in skeletal muscle in response to stretch and force generation

Cited by 149 publications

References 0 publications

Muscle Force and Power Following Tendon Repair at Altered Tendon Length

Muscle Force and Power Following Tendon Repair at Altered Tendon Length

Mechanisms underlying myosin heavy chain expression during development of the rat diaphragm muscle

A 3D-printed platform for modular neuromuscular motor units

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