Gene expression from viral RNA genomes

Maia, Ivan de Godoy; Séron, Karin; Haenni, Anne‐Lise; Bernardi, Françoise

doi:10.1007/bf00039391

Cited by 52 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 204 publications

(170 reference statements)

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“…The subgenomic RNAs of the alphavirus superfamily are often found to be encapsidated into virions although in various amounts (Maia et al, 1996). For example, the subgenomic RNAs of brome mosaic virus (Ahlquist et al, 1981), alfalfa mosaic virus (Brederode et al, 1980), cucumber mosaic virus (Gould & Symons, 1982) and turnip yellow mosaic virus (Guilley & Briand, 1978) are encapsidated as efficiently as genomic RNA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subgenomic RNAs of bamboo mosaic potexvirus-V isolate are packaged into virions.

Lee

Lin²,

Hsu³

et al. 1998

Journal of General Virology

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Purified virions of bamboo mosaic potexvirus-V isolate (BaMV-V) were found to contain three major RNA species, the 6n4 kb genomic RNA and two RNAs of 2n0 and 1n0 kb, in addition to associated satellite RNA (0n85 kb). Results of Northern blot hybridization, primer extension analysis and cDNA sequencing showed that the packaged 2n0 and 1n0 kb RNAs of BaMV-V were subgenomic RNAs. In contrast, in the BaMV-O isolate, only genomic RNA was packaged and encapsidated subgenomic RNAs were not detectable. The transcription initiation sites for

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subgenomic RNAs of bamboo mosaic potexvirus-V isolate are packaged into virions.

Lee

Lin²,

Hsu³

et al. 1998

Journal of General Virology

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“…Depending on the virus, this expression can be regulated at different levels, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational (1). For (ϩ)-strand RNA viruses, many utilize RNA-templated transcription of subgenomic (sg) 1 mRNAs to allow for regulated expression of specific viral genes (2). The mechanism by which sg mRNAs are synthesized can vary, but the messages produced share the common property of encoding open reading frames (ORFs) that are located 3Ј-proximally in the viral genomes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An RNA Activator of Subgenomic mRNA1 Transcription in Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus

Choi

White

2002

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Many (؉)-strand RNA viruses transcribe small subgenomic (sg) mRNAs that allow for regulated expression of a subset of their genes. Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) transcribes two such messages and here we report the identification of a long-distance RNA⅐RNA interaction that is essential for the efficient accumulation of capsid protein-encoding sg mRNA1. The relevant base pairing interaction occurs within the TBSV RNA genome between a 7-nucleotide (nt) long sequence, separated by just 3 nt from the downstream sg mRNA1 initiation site, and a complementary sequence positioned some ϳ1000 nt further upstream. Analyses of this interaction indicate that it (i) functions in the (؉)-strand, (ii) modulates both (؉)-and (؊)-strand sg mRNA1 accumulation, (iii) specifically regulates the accumulation of sg mRNA1 (؊)-strands, (iv) controls sg mRNA1 expression from an ectopic transcriptional initiation site, (v) may occur in cis and, and (vi) could nucleate the formation of a more complex RNA structure. These data are most consistent with a role for this interaction in regulating sg mRNA1 accumulation at the level of transcription.Viral infections of eukaryotic cells are complex processes that require regulated expression of a variety of viral genes. Depending on the virus, this expression can be regulated at different levels, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational (1). For (ϩ)-strand RNA viruses, many utilize RNA-templated transcription of subgenomic (sg) 1 mRNAs to allow for regulated expression of specific viral genes (2). The mechanism by which sg mRNAs are synthesized can vary, but the messages produced share the common property of encoding open reading frames (ORFs) that are located 3Ј-proximally in the viral genomes. Because such 3Ј-proximal ORFs are generally translationally silent within the context of these genomes, sg mRNA production provides a mode for their efficient translation as well as a mechanism to regulate the timing and amount of viral protein produced (2). Two mechanisms for sg mRNA transcription are well-established: (i) synthesis of sg mRNAs from a full-length (Ϫ)-strand genomic template via internal initiation (3, 4) and (ii) synthesis of a non-contiguous RNA product during (Ϫ)-strand synthesis, which is then used as a template for transcription of sg mRNAs (5, 6). A third possible mechanism that has been proposed involves premature termination during (Ϫ)-strand synthesis of the genome followed by use of the 3Ј-truncated product as a template to transcribe sg mRNAs (7-9). Although this latter model is consistent with data generated from studies on an assortment of (ϩ)-strand RNA viruses (9 -11), overwhelming evidence for this mechanism is still lacking.Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) is the prototype member of both the genus Tombusvirus and the family Tombusviridae. Its (ϩ)-strand RNA genome of ϳ4.8 kb encodes five functional ORFs (Fig. 1A) (12). The viral RNA polymerase (p92) and accessory RNA replication protein (p33) are both translated from the genome...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…messenger-sensed) RNA viruses possess polycistronic coding organizations (1). However, this coding strategy poses a problem for translation of sequentially encoded open reading frames (ORFs) 1 within these genomes. The difficulty arises due to the 5Ј to 3Ј and linear nature of conventional ribosome scanning, which generally allows for only the first ORF encoded in a message to be translated efficiently (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory Activity of Distal and Core RNA Elements in Tombusvirus Subgenomic mRNA2 Transcription

Choi

Ostrovsky

Zhang

et al. 2001

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Positive-strand RNA viruses that encode multiple cistrons often mediate expression of 3-encoded open reading frames via RNA-templated transcription of subgenomic (sg) mRNAs. Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) is a positive-strand RNA virus that transcribes two such sg mRNAs during infections. We have previously identified a distal element (DE), located ϳ1100 nucleotides upstream from the initiation site of sg mRNA2 transcription, part of which must base pair with a portion of a core element (CE), located just 5 to the initiation site, for efficient transcription to occur (Zhang, G., Slowinski, V., and White, K. A. (1999) RNA 5, 550 -561). Here we have analyzed further this long distance RNA-RNA interaction and have investigated the regulatory roles of other subelements within the DE and CE. Our results indicate that (i) the functional base-pairing interaction between these elements occurs in the positive strand and that the interaction likely acts to properly position other subelements, (ii) two previously undefined subelements within the DE and CE are important and essential, respectively, for efficient sg mRNA2 accumulation, and (iii) the production of (؊)-strand sg mRNA2 can be uncoupled from the synthesis of its (؉)-strand complement. These data provide important insight into the mechanism of sg mRNA2 transcription.

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Gene expression from viral RNA genomes

Cited by 52 publications

References 204 publications

Subgenomic RNAs of bamboo mosaic potexvirus-V isolate are packaged into virions.

Subgenomic RNAs of bamboo mosaic potexvirus-V isolate are packaged into virions.

An RNA Activator of Subgenomic mRNA1 Transcription in Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus

Regulatory Activity of Distal and Core RNA Elements in Tombusvirus Subgenomic mRNA2 Transcription

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