Gene–Environment Interaction in the Behavioral Sciences: Findings, Challenges, and Prospects

Carey, Bridget E.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49227-8_3

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…Moreover, it suggests that the Scarr-Rowe effect may help increase our understanding of the Flynn effect (which also occurs to the greatest extent on the least [GCA]-loaded abilities : : : ), as reductions in the strength of the former effect may be a driver of the latter effect. (p. 500) Critics of the current findings might object that the effect sizes of the interactions are relatively small (by the standards of findings in the psychological sciences); however, gene-by-environment interactions involving specific environmental measures are theoretically expected to be of relatively small magnitude when compared with main effects (McGue & Carey, 2017). Just as '[a] typical human behavioral trait is associated with very many genetic variants, each of which accounts for a very small percentage of the behavioral variability' (the so-called fourth law of behavior genetics; Chabris et al, 2015, p. 304), it may furthermore be the case that a typical human behavioral trait is also associated with very many gene-by-environment interactions, each of which accounts for a very small percentage of the behavioral variability (a possibility that McGue & Carey, 2017, p. 43 suggest).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…It should be noted that the effect sizes associated with the interaction terms are relatively small in magnitude (≤.10; Gignac & Szodorai, 2016), although this is anticipated given that gene-byenvironment interactions are expected to be much smaller than main effects (McGue & Carey, 2017). Moreover, these estimates are very similar in terms of magnitude to those found in PGS-based studies of the Scarr-Rowe effect in other US samples, based on the use of both two-way interaction and CPEM modeling approaches (Woodley of Menie et al, 2018;Woodley of Menie et al, 2021), suggesting cross-study replicative consistency.…”

Section: Pgs Edu Glmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social Adversity Reduces Polygenic Score Expressivity for General Cognitive Ability, but Not Height

et al. 2022

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It has been hypothesized that even ‘perfect’ polygenic scores (PGSs) composed of only causal variants may not be fully portable between different social groups owing to gene-by-environment interactions modifying the expression of relevant variants. The impacts of such interactions involving two forms of social adversity (low socioeconomic status [SES] and discrimination) are examined in relation to the expressivity of a PGS for educational attainment composed of putatively causal variants in a large, representatively sampled and genotyped cohort of US children. A relatively small-magnitude Scarr–Rowe effect is present (SES × PGSEDU predicting General Cognitive Ability [GCA]; sR = .02, 95% CI [.00, .04]), as is a distinct discrimination × PGSEDU interaction predicting GCA (sR = −.02, 95% CI [−.05, 00]). Both are independent of the confounding main effects of 10 ancestral principal components, PGSEDU, SES, discrimination and interactions among these factors. No sex differences were found. These interactions were examined in relation to phenotypic and genotypic data on height, a prospectively more socially neutral trait. They were absent in both cases. The discrimination × PGSEDU interaction is a co-moderator of the differences posited in modern versions of Spearman’s hypothesis (along with shared environmentality), lending support to certain environmental explanations of those differences. Behavior-genetic analysis of self-reported discrimination indicates that it is nonsignificantly heritable (h2 = .027, 95% CI [−.05, .10]), meaning that it is not merely proxying some underlying source of heritable phenotypic variability. This suggests that experiences of discrimination might stem instead from the action of purely social forces.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Pgs Edu Glmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Adversity Reduces Polygenic Score Expressivity for General Cognitive Ability, but Not Height

et al. 2022

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“…There is increasing evidence, however, that substance use outcomes are influenced by numerous genetic variants that have very small effect sizes (McGue & Carey, 2016). One frequently used approach to capturing these polygenic influences is through the use of polygenic risk scores (PRSs).…”

Section: The Role Of Genetics In Alcohol Use Trajectoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polygenic and environmental influences on the course of African Americans’ alcohol use from early adolescence through young adulthood

et al. 2019

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The study examined (a) whether alcohol use subgroups could be identified among African Americans assessed from adolescence through early adulthood, and (b) whether subgroup membership was associated with the interaction between internalizing symptoms and antisocial behavior polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and environmental characteristics (i.e., parental monitoring, community disadvantage). Participants (N = 436) were initially recruited for an elementary school-based prevention trial in a Mid-Atlantic city. Youths reported on the frequency of their past year alcohol use from ages 14–26. DNA was obtained from participants at age 21. Internalizing symptoms and antisocial behavior PRSs were created based on a genome-wide association study (GWAS) conducted by Benke et al. (2014) and Tielbeek et al. (2017), respectively. Parental monitoring and community disadvantage were assessed at age 12. Four classes of past year alcohol use were identified: (a) early-onset, increasing; (b) late-onset, moderate use; (c) low steady; and (d) early-onset, decreasing. In high community disadvantaged settings, participants with a higher internalizing symptoms PRS were more likely to be in the early-onset, decreasing class than the low steady class. When exposed to elevated community disadvantage, participants with a higher antisocial behavior PRS were more likely to be in the early-onset, increasing class than the early-onset, decreasing and late-onset, moderate use classes.

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“…If gene-by-environment interactions did occur for identical twins, in particular, they would be of the shared environment, functioning to make the twins more similar, rather than different (Purcell, 2002). Other issues for gene-by-environment interactions arise with regard to replicability and statistical power (McGue and Carey, 2017). Candidate geneby-environment interactions, specifically, are difficult to replicate given that most complex traits of interest are influenced by several, rather than a single, gene (Plomin et al, 2016).…”

Section: Gene-environment Correlation and Gene-by-environment Interacmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each candidate gene may explain only less than .5% of variance in the trait of interest (Park et al, 2010) -an extremely small effecttherefore increasing the likelihood that many published candidate gene-by-environment interactions may be false-positives. Latent variable approaches that use aggregate genetic effects, rather than effects of a single candidate gene, are less susceptible to replicability and power issues (McGue and Carey, 2017).…”

Section: Gene-environment Correlation and Gene-by-environment Interacmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality and Individual Differences

Sela¹,

Barbaro²

The SAGE Handbook of Personality and Individual Differences: Volume I: The Science of Personality and Individual Differenc

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Gene–Environment Interaction in the Behavioral Sciences: Findings, Challenges, and Prospects

Cited by 10 publications

References 108 publications

Social Adversity Reduces Polygenic Score Expressivity for General Cognitive Ability, but Not Height

Social Adversity Reduces Polygenic Score Expressivity for General Cognitive Ability, but Not Height

Polygenic and environmental influences on the course of African Americans’ alcohol use from early adolescence through young adulthood

Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality and Individual Differences

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