Gene–Diet Interactions in Colorectal Cancer: Survey Design, Instruments, Participants and Descriptive Data of a Case–Control Study in the Basque Country

Abstract

Epidemiologic studies have revealed inconsistent evidence of gene-diet interaction in relation to colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to analyze them in a sample of cases and controls from the population-based bowel cancer screening program of the Osakidetza/Basque Health Service. This study analyzed dietetic, genetic, demographic, socioeconomic factors and lifestyles. In the present manuscript, the survey design, sampling, instruments, measurements and related quality management were presented. Moreover, we analyze differences between cases and controls in some data, especially those related to diet. The participants were 308 cases and 308 age- and sex-matched subjects as controls. Cases were more likely than controls to have overweight/obesity (67.5% vs. 58.1%, p < 0.05), a lower intake of vitamin B2 (0.86 ± 0.23 vs. 0.92 ± 0.23 mg/1000 kcal, p < 0.01) and calcium:phosphorus ratio (0.62 ± 0.12 vs. 0.65 ± 0.13, p < 0.01). A higher proportion of cases than controls did not meet the Nutritional Objectives for saturated fatty acids (85.7% vs. 67.5%, p < 0.001) or cholesterol (35.4% vs. 25.0%, p < 0.01). In conclusion, the present study provides valuable data for analyzing the complexity of gene-diet interaction in relation to CRC. The results presented here suggest that overweight/obesity and a high intake of certain dietary components, especially saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, are more frequent in cases than in controls.

Intake of processed meat, but not sodium, is associated with risk of colorectal cancer: Evidence from a large prospective cohort and two-sample Mendelian randomization

“…Western people [16] and a prospective cohort of 77 500 Japanese people [17]. Although other studies found a significant association, such as Kune et al [14], Alegria-Lertxundi et al [15] and Yakoob et al [18], it was likely due to uncontrolled confounding. Future studies on this topic should be evidence-based, carefully designed with larger sample size, higher statistical power and more effective measures for controlling confounding, to reduce research waste [46].…”

“…Since high sodium intake has shown both direct and indirect carcinogenic effects on gastric cancer [10][11][12][13], studies have hypothesized similar effects on other gastrointestinal cancers, such as CRC, but current evidence remains unclear. Two case-control studies found increased CRC risk in people with high dietary sodium intake [14] and in people who usually add extra salt to food [15], while other studies failed to observe similar significant associations [16,17].…”

Diet in Scleroderma: Is There a Need for Intervention?

“…The EPIC-Norfolk FFQ has been used for detailed dietary assessment in different chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neoplasia, as well as in autoimmune diseases, the resulting software-processed data being linked to a variety of clinical manifestations and other parameters of interest [24][25][26][27][28]. We obtained several statistically significant relationships that have also been demonstrated in the general population regarding patients' diet: alcohol consumption and male gender together with anthropometric indicators of excess abdominal adiposity [29][30][31], the connection between high BMI and an increased daily intake of sucrose and total sugars [32], as well as the relationship between sleep and food choices (which may be bidirectional) [33].…”

Genetic Profile of FOXO3 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in Colorectal Cancer Patients

“…The study cohort included 487 cases that were diagnosed with CRC and 487 controls; the matched case-to-control ratio was 1:1. This sample size was sufficient to check the feasibility of the study that was required to detect an odd ratio (OR) of at least 2 with a power of 85% at a significance level of 5% [29].…”