Gendering the Geneva Conventions

Dijk, Boyd van

doi:10.1353/hrq.2022.0021

Cited by 4 publications

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“…The direction of this transition was initially guided by the 1946 results of the Nuremberg tribunal that assessed Nazi war crimes. The Nuremberg trials did not charge war criminals for their crimes against homosexuals, who were deliberately marginalized, and focused exclusively on the experiences of men in contrast to those of women [101]. Reinforcing binary sex differences was thus integral to the construction of international law in this formative period of postwar lawmaking [101].…”

Section: In Between Period Of Modern and Postmodern Views On Sexualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Nuremberg trials did not charge war criminals for their crimes against homosexuals, who were deliberately marginalized, and focused exclusively on the experiences of men in contrast to those of women [101]. Reinforcing binary sex differences was thus integral to the construction of international law in this formative period of postwar lawmaking [101]. This, in part, was seen to legitimize the aggressive treatment of homosexuals by authorities during this transition period [102].…”

Section: In Between Period Of Modern and Postmodern Views On Sexualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender: A Postmodern Idea Developed in Association with the Modern Concept of Sex in Considering the Implications for Evolving Sexuality

Nash

2023

Sexes

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The presently ubiquitous idea of how gender is defined remains deeply indebted to modern thought, depending on the concept of sex as its reference point. Originating with practices arising from capitalism, modern thought’s concept of sex was enhanced with the search for the norm regarding standardization, then further refined through the research program of eugenics. Gender, in contrast to sex, has its roots in sexual practice changes from the second half of the twentieth century onward, developed in association with 1980s postmodern thought. The presuppositions of the two concepts differ radically. Understanding the difference between sex and gender matters because gender is now more than a critique of sex—it is an idea that is accepted and understood in popular culture and affects how people interpret their sexuality. This review examines the foundations of modern and postmodern thought, then focuses on sex and gender with respect to their history within these modes of thought. The conclusion, pointing to future research, is that a further reformulation of sexuality will be required for gender, as a postmodern idea, to truly separate itself from the presumptions of sex as a modern concept, permitting individuals to express their sexuality as they choose without negative social and psychological repercussions.

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Section: In Between Period Of Modern and Postmodern Views On Sexualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Between Period Of Modern and Postmodern Views On Sexualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender: A Postmodern Idea Developed in Association with the Modern Concept of Sex in Considering the Implications for Evolving Sexuality

Nash

2023

Sexes

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“…Under certain conditions such as pregnancy, having access to free health services proved less important for Palestinian women and their families than having access to household/communal support, as they left their place of registration and moved to those areas where family was present following the birth of a child. Therefore, we pay heed to Saskia Sassen's (1996) insights which contravene the tenets of methodological nationalism, and which consist in scale shifting from the universalized individual to the family and state-centered discourse as exemplified in the Geneva Convention (Van Dijk, 2022) to the level of the gendered individual, household, neighborhood and community. After all, these are the scales in which gendered individuals and communities are embedded in networks, experience migration challenges and seek out support.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A gendered analysis of Palestinian refugee women’s experiences of migration from Syria to Türkiye

Kurtoğlu,

Teke Lloyd,

Salimoğlu

2023

Asian and Pacific Migration Journal

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After the outbreak of the conflict in 2011, millions of people fled Syria across its borders. This gave way to a new category of people, “Syrian refugees.” While this categorical understanding constitutes the basis for legal entitlements, it homogenizes all fleeing Syria and results in concealing the differential experiences and vulnerabilities of particular groups. The paper challenges this blanket categorization by focusing on the migration experiences of Palestinian women from Syria to Türkiye around the concepts of biological and social reproduction which represent the largely neglected aspects concerning the process of forced migration. By drawing on six women’s experiences, the paper concludes that the homogeneity of the Syrian migrants is an illusion; women’s migrations are shaped through their gendered and ethnic history; and women face gender-specific challenges and opportunities in both home and host countries. We particularly argue that policies on border control and migrant’s integration fail to consider the subjective conditions and needs of particular groups within the Syrian migrants.

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“…22 Even after the mass rapes of Second World War, the drafters of the 1949 Geneva Conventions remained silent on the question of sexual violence. 23 Similar tropes of sexual vulnerability and civilising mission informed the earliest international conventions on 'white slavery', or the trafficking of 'white' women from Europe and North America for prostitution in Asia, Africa and South America. 24 In 1921, the 'traffic in women and children' became the first human rights issue to be formally recognised by a Convention of the League of Nations, replacing the racialised term 'white slave traffic'.…”

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confidence: 99%

Women's Rights as Human Rights after the End of History

Donert

2023

Gender & History

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This article is based on the 2022 Gender & History annual lecture. It reconsiders the recent history of women's rights as human rights. The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union brought to an end a twentieth‐century discourse of women's rights, understood not only as legal norms, but as a political language harnessed to a narrative of women as a collective subject progressing towards emancipation and equality. This was enabled by an international order in which human rights were tied to visions of self‐determination, social rights and strong states, creating spaces for new subjects to make their voices heard in international law, albeit in particular and circumscribed ways. After 1989, women were again written into international law primarily as victims of violence, while the emergence of gender as a category of analysis challenged the notion of ‘women’ as a collective subject of rights. The story of women's rights, the article concludes, suggests that recent revisionist histories of human rights as a neoliberal utopia are only one part of a more complex human rights history.

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Gendering the Geneva Conventions

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Gender: A Postmodern Idea Developed in Association with the Modern Concept of Sex in Considering the Implications for Evolving Sexuality

Gender: A Postmodern Idea Developed in Association with the Modern Concept of Sex in Considering the Implications for Evolving Sexuality

A gendered analysis of Palestinian refugee women’s experiences of migration from Syria to Türkiye

Women's Rights as Human Rights after the End of History

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