Gendered youth strategies for inclusion in a changing society: Breaking or reproducing the local gender contract?

Stenbacka, Susanne; Grubbström, Ann; Forsberg, Gunnel

doi:10.1111/area.12392

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This has previously been found in North America (Hundley, 2000; Leung, 2006) and is often explained by household work and the gendered division of labour included in the gender contracts. Based on the availability of public services (Hernes, 1987; Esping-Andersen, 1990) as well as Scandinavian studies showing that traditional gender contracts are contested (Stenbacka et al. , 2018; Cush et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Women's rural businesses: for economic viability or gender equality? – a database study from the Swedish context

Tillmar

Sköld

Ahl

et al. 2022

IJGE

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore and discuss to what extent and why women's entrepreneurship contributes to rural economic viability and gender equality in an advanced welfare state.Design/methodology/approach The authors use detailed register data to explore men's and women's rural businesses in the most common industries for rural women entrepreneurs in the Swedish welfare state. Based on a literature review, the authors develop hypotheses and analyse how family, business and industry factors influence earnings.Findings Women's rural entrepreneurship is important for rural viability, as women's businesses provide a wide range of services necessary for life in rural areas. Although women's rural businesses are not significantly smaller than those of men, women's income is lower and more sensitive to business and industry variables. Marriage has positive effects for the earnings of men but negative effects for the earnings of women. The authors argue that the results are contingent on the gendering of entrepreneurship and industries, as well as on the local rural gender contracts. For these reasons, the importance of women entrepreneurs for rural viability is not reflected in their own incomes. Hence, women's rural entrepreneurship does not result in (economic) gender equality.Originality/value Entrepreneurship scholars rarely explore women's rural entrepreneurship, and particularly not in the Global North or Western welfare states. Therefore, this empirical study from Sweden provides novel information on how the gender order on the business, industry and family levels influences the income of men and women entrepreneurs differently.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Women in Ireland who are engaged in joint farming ventures with their husbands exercise a great deal of agency, and thereby change traditional structures (Cush et al. , 2018), as do young women and men who remain in rural Sweden (Stenbacka et al. , 2018).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women's rural businesses: for economic viability or gender equality? – a database study from the Swedish context

Tillmar

Sköld

Ahl

et al. 2022

IJGE

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“…That gender contracts are shaped by spaces and places has been examined in Sweden in a number of studies (Amcoff 2001;Forsberg 1997Forsberg , 1998Forsberg , 2001Forsberg , 2010Forsberg and Stenbacka 2017;Forsberg et al 2006;Gil Solá 2016;Hedfeldt 2008;Stenbacka et al 2018;Forsberg and Lindgren 2015;Webster and Caretta 2016). A majority of these studies have used either qualitative or mixed methods, using case studies within Sweden, mostly in rural areas.…”

Section: Previous Studies On Geographical Patterns Of Gender Contractsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical Variation in Local Gender Contracts in Sweden

Haandrikman

Webster

Duvander

2021

Appl. Spatial Analysis

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Despite Sweden’s national gender-neutral family and social policies, local differences in gender contracts exist and have been related to differences in the structure of the labour market and cultural traditions. Existing studies are outdated and used relatively large administratively defined areas, which may lead to several measurement and interpretation errors. This paper examines geographical variation in gender contracts in present-day Sweden using individualized neighbourhoods on different scales. Gender contracts are operationalized using six indicators on the level of family, politics and labour. We identify five types of local gender contracts: the metropolitan gender contract, the progressive gender contract, the suburban gender contract, the commuter gender contract and the traditional gender contract. The most gender equal patterns are found in metropolitan and other urban areas, with high shares of fathers taking parental leave and the highest shares of women with high education and gainful employment, and low shares of young mothers. The analyses give evidence of considerable local variation instead of a dominant gender contract in each region. The findings may stimulate further research and local policies on gender inequality.

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“…Specific gender contracts are situated in time and place and develop from a process of conflict, negotiation and renegotiation with newly arising conflicts/ negotiations resulting in changes over longer time periods (Forsberg, 2010). Gender contracts being shaped by spaces and places has been examined in a number of studies in Sweden, mostly using qualitative or mixed methods, and often based in rural areas (Amcoff, 2001;Forsberg, 1997Forsberg, , 1998Forsberg, , 2001Forsberg, , 2010Forsberg & Lindgren, 2015;Forsberg & Stenbacka, 2017;Forsberg et al 2006;Gil Solá, 2016;Haandrikman et al 2021;Hedfeldt, 2008;Stenbacka et al 2018;Webster & Caretta, 2016). Forsberg (1998Forsberg ( , 2010 and Amcoff (2001) used a range of regional statistical indicators to operationalize gender contracts.…”

Section: Using Gender Contracts To Explore Family Policy In Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

Local Variation in Gendered Family Policy Use: Evidence of Local Gender Contracts?

2021

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A central and unique part of Sweden’s family policy programme is care leave that working parents can use when children are sick and cannot attend (pre)school. The gender-equal policy entails that parents may divide the leave as they see fit. However, mothers and fathers do not share care leave equally and care leave patterns may vary geographically. The aim of this paper is to examine the interaction between gendered care leave and geographical context using the theory of gender contracts. We ask how geographical variation in fathers’ share of care leave varies by scale, and how both individual factors and geographical determinants, representing local gender contracts, are associated with fathers’ share of care leave. Distinctive from previous work, we use geocoded full-population register data and individualized neighbourhoods at multiple scales in order to be able to better measure contextual effects on care leave use. We find substantial spatial variation in fathers’ share of care leave, with clustering depending on scale level. Using the nearest 200 fathers with young children, a factor analysis summarizes local gender contracts into three factors labelled as elite, marginalization and private sector. Results show that especially living in local gender contract areas identified as “marginalized” positively affects fathers’ share of care leave. Living in the most segregated neighbourhoods has substantial effects on fathers’ share of care leave, but overall, neighbourhood effects are moderate. A gender contract perspective shows negotiations resulting from locally clustered gendered norms and relative resources between partners influence who stays home with sick children.

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Gendered youth strategies for inclusion in a changing society: Breaking or reproducing the local gender contract?

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

Women's rural businesses: for economic viability or gender equality? – a database study from the Swedish context

Women's rural businesses: for economic viability or gender equality? – a database study from the Swedish context

Geographical Variation in Local Gender Contracts in Sweden

Local Variation in Gendered Family Policy Use: Evidence of Local Gender Contracts?

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