Gendered Tradeoffs

Hook, Jennifer L.; Li, Meiying

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54618-2_11

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, women in the long hours group are less concentrated in services or reduced-hours employment than in the low participation and progression cluster. By illustrating how the interrelationships between the different indicators in one cluster of countries are not necessarily replicated in others, these results support calls for more studies that illuminate the context-dependence of women's employment outcomes (Hook and Li, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

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Gendered employment patterns: Women’s labour market outcomes across 24 countries

Kowalewska

2023

Journal of European Social Policy

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An accepted framework for ‘gendering’ the analysis of welfare regimes compares countries by degrees of ‘defamilialization’ or how far their family policies support or undermine women’s employment participation. This article develops an alternative framework that explicitly spotlights women’s labour market outcomes rather than policies. Using hierarchical clustering on principal components, it groups 24 industrialized countries by their simultaneous performance across multiple gendered employment outcomes spanning segregation and inequalities in employment participation, intensity, and pay, with further differences by class. The three core ‘worlds’ of welfare (social-democratic, corporatist, liberal) each displays a distinctive pattern of gendered employment outcomes. Only France diverges from expectations, as large gender pay gaps across the educational divide – likely due to fragmented wage-bargaining – place it with Anglophone countries. Nevertheless, the outcome-based clustering fails to support the idea of a homogeneous Mediterranean grouping or a singular Eastern European cluster. Furthermore, results underscore the complexity and idiosyncrasy of gender inequality: while certain groups of countries are ‘better’ overall performers, all have their flaws. Even the Nordics fall behind on some measures of segregation, despite narrow participatory and pay gaps for lower- and high-skilled groups. Accordingly, separately monitoring multiple measures of gender inequality, rather than relying on ‘headline’ indicators or gender equality indices, matters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…Accordingly, as Hook and Li (2020) argue: ‘We need more research that considers multiple labour market outcomes, which is at the crux of the welfare state paradox or trade-off arguments… Studies should engage both employment [participation] and other labour market outcomes’ (p.260). This article seeks to do just that.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gendered employment patterns: Women’s labour market outcomes across 24 countries

Kowalewska

2023

Journal of European Social Policy

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“…The unbalance in the development of policies supporting the work-family balance and those supporting family income may be even greater than it appears at first sight since work-family policies tend to benefit more middle-and high-income households, since better-educated women are more likely to be, and remain, in the labour market when they become mothers, and dual-worker households are more common in the middle classes (Hook and Li, 2021). Better-educated parents are therefore more likely to use maternity and parental leave benefits, which are funded by workers and citizens of all social classes, either through taxes or contributions.…”

Section: Interaction Between the Labour Market And Family Policies An...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in family policy research

Saraceno

2023

Families, Relationships and Societies

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In the third millennium, family policies have become the most dynamic part of welfare state policies in developed countries and the forerunners of welfare state development in developing countries. They remain, however, an important dimension of social policy diversification, among both developed and developing countries. Degree and patterns of overall welfare state development, labour market conditions, demographic characteristics, family and gender cultures, political legacies and political cultures – all these factors contribute to shaping which and how family issues are framed as policy-relevant issues. The author addresses some of the research challenges that lie ahead in family policy research, namely: (1) the conceptual and methodological challenges deriving from the enlargement of research, both national and comparative, across an increasingly diversified spectrum of countries; (2) the dual challenge of the diversification of family forms and of international mobility; (3) the interaction between the labour market and family policies and their impact on social class differences; (4) the differential impact of social policies across the social spectrum and diversified family forms; and (5) the multilevel making and governance of family policies and the impact on intra-country differences. According to the author, these challenges are also the consequence of the intersectional character of family policies.

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“…Longitudinal time use or panel data with survey measures for a larger number of countries, including low-income countries, are needed to investigate the effects of leave policies in varying economic and cultural contexts. Moreover, access to statutory leave differs strongly between countries, and actual individual leave eligibility, take-up, leave duration, and hours worked during parental leave are selective (Dobrotić & Blum, 2020;Hook & Li, 2020); thus, it seems advisable to use models controlling for selection effects as much as possible. Moreover, the exploration of heterogeneous effects, e.g., with respect to family status or prenatal employment status and identities, should be continued in order to detect within-group differences among fathers and mothers.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%