Gendered Time

Abstract

Gendered time refers to the historical and contemporary conceptualization and valuing of time in men and women's actual and symbolic lives.

European Roma groups show complex West Eurasian admixture footprints and a common South Asian genetic origin

“…A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed with samples from Europe, Africa, Middle East, Caucasus, Central and South Asia. Roma samples fall between non-Roma European and South Asian populations (S1 Fig), in agreement with their demographic historical records [1] and previous genetic studies [15]. In addition, ADMIXTURE results further confirm PCA results, as at k = 3, European Roma show a combination of two cluster components (dark red and dark blue) mainly found in South Asian and West Eurasian samples.…”

“…After the exodus from India and during the diaspora through West Eurasia, the Roma population admixed with multiple non-Roma European, Middle Eastern and Caucasian groups. First, the European Roma ancestors arrived to Armenia through Persia [1]. Our results agree with a moderate Middle East and Caucasus gene flow during a rapid migration across this territory [15], specifically, we detect a higher rate of male gene flow, which could be related to the incorporation of Persian nomadic groups with the Roma [1].…”

“…The main contribution of this major source is from southeastern European clusters (Balkan-1 and Balkan-2), with this area being the historically reported gateway of the Roma groups into Europe [1]. The component from Middle East and Caucasian clusters was found to be moderate in the Roma groups.…”

“…The Roma population is recognized as the largest transnational ethnic minority in Europe, with an estimated population of up to 10 million, although their exact number is difficult to estimate due to the lack of reliable census surveys. They consist of a heterogeneous and substructured mosaic of populations that differ linguistically, culturally, historically, and in their relation to nearby populations [1]. Their demographic history together with their endogamous social practices [1] have contributed to a particularly different spectrum of Mendelian disorders when compared with other neighboring European populations [2,3].…”

“…They consist of a heterogeneous and substructured mosaic of populations that differ linguistically, culturally, historically, and in their relation to nearby populations [1]. Their demographic history together with their endogamous social practices [1] have contributed to a particularly different spectrum of Mendelian disorders when compared with other neighboring European populations [2,3]. Historical records confirm the persecution and social marginalization that this population has suffered since their arrival to Europe [1].…”