Gendered perceptions about female managers in Turkish sport organizations

Abstract

Research question: This study examines the views of employees working in Turkish sport organizations on the qualities of sport managers, their preference for female or male sport managers, and their attitudes toward female managers.Research methods: A quantitative research design based on the data of 244 female employees and 492 male employees was chosen. Results and findings:The results of the Women as Managers Scale indicated that gender, education, marital status, the preference for female or male sport managers, and the type of organization significantly affected gender role stereotypes and attitudes toward women's career advancement. In addition, the under-representation of women can be partly explained by dominant meanings, which are framed in the sport and sport experience given to a sport manager. Implications: In line with role congruity theory, management in Turkish sport organizations is stereotyped as a masculine domain requiring agentic characteristics and sport experience is more strongly attributed to men. As a result, employees have a general preference for male sport managers and male employees in particular have negative attitudes toward female managers.

Corporate governance in sport organizations: a gender perspective

“…Örneğin; İtalya Canella ve diğ. 2019), İspanya (Alfaro ve diğ., 2013;Valiente, 2019;Soler ve diğ., 2019), Türkiye , Karaçam ve Koca, 2015, Koca ve Öztürk, 2015, Koca ve diğ., 2011, Koca ve Hacısoftaoğlu-Közleme, 2010, Portekiz ( Jaeger ve diğ., 2010;Jacinto ve diğ. 2015), ve Birleşik Krallık 'ta (White ve Kay, 2006;Piggot ve diğ.…”

“…Özellikle, erkek işverenler kadın yöneticilere daha fazla şans vermemektedir. Böylece kadınların liderlik pozisyonlarındaki sayıları kısıtlı kalmaktadır (Koca ve Öztürk, 2015). Kadınların spor örgütlerinin liderlik pozisyonlarında neden yeterince temsil edilmedikleri sorusu üzerine odaklanılırsa, elbette bu sorun pek çok faktöre bağlıdır.…”

Opportunities and barriers that females face for study and employment in sport

“…1.1 Gender stereotyping/gender discrimination and having to 'work harder' to achieve respect Several researchers have reported issues around gender discrimination and stereotyping in sport-related employment, in that both men and women have been found to hold adverse, stereotypical attitudes towards women's career progression and job competency (Burton et al, 2011a(Burton et al, , 2011bKoca, Arslan, & Aşçı, 2011;Koca & Öztürk, 2015;Madsen, Burton, & Clark, 2017). Females have also reported feeling judged on their professional capability and competence in taking leadership positions (Burton, Borland, & Mazerolle, 2012;Kilty, 2006;Mazerolle et al, 2015).…”

“…Such gender discrimination and stereotyping are subtle, often being embedded in employment roles and practices within sporting organisations (Burton et al, 2012;Kamphoff, 2010;Reade et al, 2009;Walker & Sartore-Baldwin, 2013;Whalen, 2017). As explained by gender role theory (Koca & Öztürk, 2015) and masculine hegemony (Sartore & Cunningham, 2007;Walker & Sartore-Baldwin, 2013), the gender discrimination that exists in terms of gender role division, has become institutionalised, normal, and natural (Aitchison, 2005;Burton et al, 2012;Walker & Sartore-Baldwin, 2013), to the extent that women as coaches in men's college basketball are deemed to be so unlikely, that most people cannot imagine it as a possibility (Aitchison, 2005). Furthermore, women feel that they need to compromise on their values and beliefs and to suppress their sexuality, in order to avoid being labelled as too political, too feminist, or too unfeminine (Burton et al, 2011a(Burton et al, , 2011bEagly & Karau, 2002;Kamphoff, 2010;Kane & LaVoi, 2018;Keats, 2017;Kilty, 2006;Koca & Öztürk, 2015;Norman, 2010;Norman & Rankin-Wright, 2018).…”

“…As explained by gender role theory (Koca & Öztürk, 2015) and masculine hegemony (Sartore & Cunningham, 2007;Walker & Sartore-Baldwin, 2013), the gender discrimination that exists in terms of gender role division, has become institutionalised, normal, and natural (Aitchison, 2005;Burton et al, 2012;Walker & Sartore-Baldwin, 2013), to the extent that women as coaches in men's college basketball are deemed to be so unlikely, that most people cannot imagine it as a possibility (Aitchison, 2005). Furthermore, women feel that they need to compromise on their values and beliefs and to suppress their sexuality, in order to avoid being labelled as too political, too feminist, or too unfeminine (Burton et al, 2011a(Burton et al, , 2011bEagly & Karau, 2002;Kamphoff, 2010;Kane & LaVoi, 2018;Keats, 2017;Kilty, 2006;Koca & Öztürk, 2015;Norman, 2010;Norman & Rankin-Wright, 2018). Females often feel they have to work harder or prove themselves in a sporting environment (Betzer-Tayar, Zach, Galily, & Henry, 2017;Burton et al, 2012;Kilty, 2006;Norman, 2010;Norman & Rankin-Wright, 2018;Walker & Bopp, 2010).…”