Gender Variance in Children and Adolescents with Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Conditions from Australia

McPhate, Lucy; Williams, Katrina; Vance, Alasdair; Winther, Jo; Pang, Kenneth C.; May, Tamara

doi:10.1007/s10508-021-01918-9

Cited by 7 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In that study, CBCL showed poor sensitivity. 65 However, both ASEBA measures have been used in the research literature to define gender diversity, particularly to consider associations between gender diversity and mental health 18,19,66 or autism 16,[67][68][69] in large, population-based studies; our findings show that specific, validated measures should be used instead for both sexuality and gender diversity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 (CBCL), Teacher Report Form (TRF), and Youth Self-Report (YSR) have been used to explore gender diversity in children and adolescents. In ASEBA items 110 and 5, respectively, the parent, child or adolescent, or teacher endorses degree of agreement with the statements that the child or adolescent “wishes to be of opposite sex” and “behaves like the opposite sex.” In recent research, these items have been used to measure relationships between gender diversity and autism or psychiatric morbidity . However, questions have been raised regarding whether item 110 is a valid indicator of gender diversity in clinical or population settings and therefore whether it should be used to infer diverse gender identity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In ASEBA items 110 and 5, respectively, the parent, child or adolescent, or teacher endorses degree of agreement with the statements that the child or adolescent “wishes to be of opposite sex” and “behaves like the opposite sex.” In recent research, these items have been used to measure relationships between gender diversity and autism 15 , 16 , 17 or psychiatric morbidity. 18 , 19 However, questions have been raised regarding whether item 110 is a valid indicator of gender diversity in clinical or population settings 15 and therefore whether it should be used to infer diverse gender identity. These items may measure other dimensions of human experience, such as desire or ability to conform to stereotyped gender roles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent research, these items have been used to measure relationships between gender diversity and autism [15][16][17] or psychiatric morbidity. 18,19 However, questions have been raised regarding whether item 110 is a valid indicator of gender diversity in clinical or population settings 15 and therefore whether it should be used to infer diverse gender identity. These items may measure other dimensions of human experience, such as desire or ability to conform to stereotyped gender roles.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Childhood and Adolescence Gender Role Nonconformity and Gender and Sexuality Diversity in Young Adulthood

Marino,

Lin,

Davies

et al. 2023

JAMA Pediatr

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ImportanceSexuality- and gender-diverse youth experience disproportionate health and social adversity. Accurate early-life indicators are important for development of supportive approaches.ObjectiveTo examine whether commonly used items measuring childhood conformity to gender roles are associated with sexual orientation in young adulthood.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis single-center, prospective cohort study (the Raine Study) assessed 2868 children of 2900 women who were recruited during pregnancy from August 1, 1989, to April 30, 1992, with follow-up ongoing. The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) Child Behavior Checklist, Teacher Report Form, and Youth Self-Report tools were used to survey parents, teachers, and youths to examine gender diversity among the participating youths. Parents were followed up at years 5, 8, 10, 14, and 17, adolescents at years 14, 17, and 27, and teachers at years 10 and 14. Data were analyzed from August 1, 2020, to July 31, 2023.ExposuresParent and teacher report that a child “behaves like the opposite sex” (gender role behavior), and parent and self-report that a child “wishes to be the opposite sex” (gender role wish), in response to assessment items.Main Outcome MeasuresYear 27 self-reported sexual identity, attraction, and behavior.ResultsOf the 2868 children in the original birth cohort, 1154 (40.2%) participated in the year 27 follow-up, of whom 608 (52.7%) were recorded female at birth and 546 (47.3%) were recorded male at birth. Of these, 582 who were recorded female at birth continued to identify as female (cisgender) (95.7%), and 515 recorded male at birth continued to identify as male (cisgender) (94.3%); 47 (4.1%) did not complete the questionnaire. Of cisgender participants, 76 of 605 women (12.6%) and 52 of 540 men (9.6%) had a diverse sexual identity, 204 of 605 women (33.8%) and 77 of 540 men (14.3%) were same-gender attracted, and 100 of 605 women (18.6%) and 39 of 540 men (7.2%) had ever engaged in same-gender sexual behavior. Across all follow-ups, after adjusting for gender, nonconforming gender role behavior was consistently associated with diverse sexual identity and behavior (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for identity, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.9-4.2; behavior aOR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.6-3.5). Self-reported gender role wish was consistently associated with diverse sexual orientation (identity aOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4-3.8; attraction aOR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.5; behavior aOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-2.9).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, ASEBA gender role nonconformity was associated with diverse sexual orientation, beginning in early childhood. Findings suggest that the ASEBA measures should not be used to infer sexual orientation or gender diversity in clinical or research settings; asking direct questions may provide more accurate data.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Childhood and Adolescence Gender Role Nonconformity and Gender and Sexuality Diversity in Young Adulthood

Marino,

Lin,

Davies

et al. 2023

JAMA Pediatr

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“…Twelve studies published between 2010 and 2024 were identified as applying measures of GD characteristics to autistic samples (see Table 4; Bedard et al, 2010;Cooper et al, 2018;Corbett et al, 2023;George & Stokes, 2018;Janssen et al, 2016;Kallitsounaki & Williams, 2020May et al, 2017;McPhate et al, 2021;Mo et al, 2024;Strang et al, 2014;van der Miesen et al, 2018b). All 12 studies reported recruiting participants diagnosed with autism prior to participation, but only six of these papers (Corbett et al, 2023;May et al, 2017;McPhate et al, 2021;Mo et al, 2024;Strang et al, 2014;van der Miesen et al, 2018b) confirmed participants' diagnosis was achieved or verified through expert clinical impression using the DSM-IV (APA, 1994), DSM-4-TR (APA, 2000) or the DSM-5 (APA, 2013) as well as implementing diagnostic measures such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule second version (ADOS-2; Lord et al, 2012) or the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (Schopler et al, 1980). The remaining six papers either stated that the source of the diagnosis was not recorded or validated (Cooper et al, 2018) or did not provide any detailed information (Bedard, 2010;George & Stokes, 2018;Janssen, 2016;Kallitsounaki & Williams, 2020.…”

Section: Studies Applying Measures Of Gender Dysphoria Characteristic...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Gender Dysphoria Measures in Autistic Samples

Mears,

Rai,

Shah

et al. 2024

Arch Sex Behav

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This systematic review investigated how studies have measured gender dysphoria (GD) in autistic samples and the impact of using different measures on study results. The literature search identified 339 relevant papers, with 12 of them meeting the inclusion criteria. Results showed that seven different measures of GD characteristics have been used with autistic samples and that the studies consistently reported a greater number of GD characteristics and a greater severity of GD in autistic compared to non-autistic samples. Methodological common practices were found in recruiting participants from clinical settings rather than the general population, having more autistic males than females in the samples, for studies being conducted in Europe, North America, and Oceania, and using single-item measures of GD for samples of autistic children. Issues were identified with study designs and measures of GD, suggesting a need for a more standardized multi-item self-report measure of GD for use in clinical and non-clinical samples across different ages and cultures.

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