Gender Stereotypes and Attitudes Toward Women and Men

Eagly, Alice H.; Mladinic, Antonio

doi:10.1177/0146167289154008

Cited by 651 publications

(491 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

440

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…This observation is entirely consistent with our own notions of benevolent sexism, which we see as embracing a traditional set of sexist beliefs that are associated with positive feelings about (and positive trait ascriptions to) women. We have adopted, to the extent practically possible, the methods Eagly et al recommended for measuring the favorability or unfavorability of attitudes toward and stereotypes about women and men (Eagly & Mladinic, 1989;Eagly et al, 1991 ). We used these methods in Studies 4-6, two nonstudent samples and one sample of undergraduates.…”

Section: Predictive Validity Of the Asimentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism.

Glick

Fiske

1996

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

3,402

246

4,959

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The authors present a theory of sexism formulated as ambivalence toward women and validate a corresponding measure, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI). The ASI taps 2 positively correlated components of sexism that nevertheless represent opposite evaluative orientations toward women: sexist antipathy or Hostile Sexism (HS) and a subjectively positive ( for sexist men ) orientation toward women, Benevolent Sexism (BS). HS and BS are hypothesized to encompass 3 sources of male ambivalence: Paternalism, Gender Differentiation, and Heterosexuality. Six ASI studies on 2,250 respondents established convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity. Overall ASI scores predict ambivalent attitudes toward women, the HS scale correlates with negative attitudes toward and stereotypes about women, and the BS scale (for nonstudent men only) correlates with positive attitudes toward and stereotypes about women. A copy of the ASI is provided, with scoring instructions, as a tool for further explorations of sexist ambivalence."If woman had no existence save in the fiction written by men, one would imagine her a person Is sexism a form of prejudice? Although the question might appear absurd, consider Allport's (1954) influential definition of ethnic prejudice. Prejudice, Allport wrote, "is an antipathy based upon a faulty and inflexible generalization" (p. 9). The existence of prejudice is commonly indexed by measures of antipathy, such as social distance (e.g., Crosby, Bromley, & Saxe, 1980) and negative stereotypes (e.g., Sigall & Page, 1971 ). Relationships between men and women, however, do not easily fit the mold of ethnic prejudice, at the very least because no other two groups have been as intimately connected (S. T. Fiske & Stevens, 1993). Furthermore, cultural images of women from ancient to modern times are not uniformly negative; women have been revered as well as reviled (Eagly & Mladinic, 1993;Guttentag & Secord, 1983;Tavris & Wade, 1984 Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Peter Glick, Department of Psychology, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin 54912-0599. Electronic mail may be sent via the Internet to peter.s.glick@lawrence.edu 491 indeed a prejudice, but in this article we argue that it is, and probably always has been, a special case of prejudice marked by a deep ambivalence, rather than a uniform antipathy,,toward women. Our goals are to: (a) reveal the multidimensional nature of sexism, (b) offer a theoretical and empirical analysis of the sources and nature of men's ambivalence toward women, (c) compare our conception of ambivalent sexism with other theories of ambivalence (including ambivalent racism), and (d) provide a validated measure of ambivalent sexism. Hostile and Benevolent SexismSexism has typically been conceptualized as a reflection of hostility toward women. This view neglects a significant aspect of sexism: the subjectively positive feelings toward women that often go hand in hand with sexist antipathy. We view sexism as a multidimensional construct that encom...

show abstract

Section: Predictive Validity Of the Asimentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism.

Glick

Fiske

1996

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

3,402

246

4,959

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Karasiewicz & Kosakowska, 2008;Kosakowska-Berezecka, 2012;Rudman et al, 2012;Croft, Schmader, & Block, 2015;KosakowskaBerezecka, Korzeniewska, & Kaczorowska, 2016). Throughout history women have been both praised and punished for not being feminine enough (Eagly & Mladinic, 1989;Glick, Wilkerson, & Cuffe, 2015), and the same applies to men (Rudman & Mescher, 2013;. Gendered behaviour is hence analysed through the lenses of gender proscriptions, as in Glick's and Fiske's Ambivalent Sexism Theory (1996), according to which two kinds of sexism depict traditional antipathy towards women (hostile sexism) alongside affection and positive feelings towards them (benevolent sexism).…”

Section: Backlash Effects Sexism and Social Rolesmentioning

confidence: 99%

"Daughter and son: a completely different story”? Gender as a moderator of the relationship between sexism and parental attitudes

Lipowska¹,

Lipowski²,

Pawlicka³

2016

Health Psychology Report

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

health psychology report · volume 4(3), 6 original article background During childhood, parents are the first and most important individuals who form the base of the content of gender stereotypes in children. A parent's expectations about the extent a child's behaviour should be line with gender stereotypes also depends on the intensity of a parent's sexism. A parent's sexism may be exhibited in parental attitudes. Hence, in our study we analysed the relationship between parental ambivalent sexism and parental attitudes within dyads of mothers and fathers with a special focus on the role of the gender of both parents and children. participants and procedureTwo hundred and ninety-four couples of parents of fiveyear-olds (153 girls, 141 boys) participated. The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) was used to measure levels of sexism, and the Parental Attitudes Scale (SPR) was used to assess parental attitudes. resultsIn terms of the profile of parental attitudes, regardless of the child's sex, mothers and fathers scored highest for inconsequent and demanding attitudes, and lowest for overprotective and autonomy attitudes. The child's sex is also not important for the overall levels of parents' sexism -fathers exhibit higher levels of hostile sexism in comparison to mothers. Only the mothers' education level is important for levels of sexism -women with higher education exhibited the lowest levels of hostile sexism. The child's sex moderates relationships between parents' sexism and parental attitudes. In the case of mothers of sons, the intensity of benevolent sexism is negatively related to overprotective and demanding attitudes. The more educated the mothers of sons, the more demanding they were. For fathers of sons, the inconsequence attitude increases under the influence of both hostile and benevolent sexism. Among fathers of daughters, hostile sexism strengthens the overprotective attitude, while levels of both benevolent and hostile sexism as well as education influence the autonomy attitude. conclusionsThe gender of both the parents and the child moderates the relationship between sexism and parental attitudes. The role of sexism in shaping the attitude of mothers towards sons is the most prominent -it seems that it guards the 'manliness' of young boys.

show abstract

“…Emotions, stereotypes, and symbolic beliefs were assessed separately using an open-ended procedure (see also Eagly & Mladinic, 1989;Eagly et al, 1994;Esses et al, 1993;Stangor et al, 1991). To assess emotions, participants were asked to list emotions and feelings that they experienced when they saw, met, or thought about Oriental people.…”

Section: Ambivalence Toward Oriental Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%