Gender-Specific Differences in Hypertension Prevalence, Treatment, Control, and Associated Conditions among the Elderly: Data from a Greek Population

Ninios, Ilias; Ninios, Vlasios; Lazaridou, Fotini; Dimitriadis, Kyriakos; Kerasidou, Olga; Louridas, George

doi:10.1080/10641960802269943

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Similar to the findings of other studies, the present study indicated that age [11,14,15,21,22] , female gender [11,21,22] , Mongolian ethnicity, overweight and obesity [11,[13][14][15][16][21][22][23] , as well as smoking and drinking [11,17,21,22] were clearly associated with hypertension, whereas income level was a protective factor for hypertension [20] .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…In addition, our study revealed that older rural women have a higher prevalence rate of hypertension than older men in the same area, which is similar to some surveys [11][12][13][14][15] and different from others [16,17,20] . The prevalence rates of hypertension for older rural adults increase with age, as other investigations [9,12,13,15,17,20] have suggested, although it was not observed for men in this study. An increase in life expectancy, together with changes in lifestyle and diet such as more smoking and drinking, high salt and fat intake and less exercise, may explain the high prevalence of hypertension in older rural Chinese people.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

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Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Factors among Older Rural Adults: Results from Liaoning Province, China

Pang

Li²,

Sun³

et al. 2009

Med Princ Pract

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Objective: The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors among older rural adults in Liaoning Province, China. Subjects and Methods: The study was conducted in 2004–2006, using a multistage, stratified clustering sampling scheme to select a representative sample. A total of 10,065 adults aged 60 years or older were examined. A survey of blood pressure and associated factors was carried out. All data analyses were conducted using SPSS 11.5 statistical software package. Results: Overall, the prevalence rates of hypertension are 57, 64.4 and 64.9% for the age groups 60–69, 70–79 and ≥80 years, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension was positively correlated with age, female gender, Mongolian ethnicity, overweight and obesity, smoking and drinking, whereas income level was a protective factor for hypertension. The rates of awareness, treatment and control among older rural adults were very low (overall 35.2, 28.7 and 1.0%, respectively). Conclusion: Hypertension was highly prevalent among older rural adults in Liaoning Province, and it was associated with many factors. The percentages of hypertensives who were aware, treated, and controlled were very low. These data underscore the urgent need to strengthen the public health education and blood pressure monitoring system to better manage hypertension among older adults in rural China.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Factors among Older Rural Adults: Results from Liaoning Province, China

Pang

Li²,

Sun³

et al. 2009

Med Princ Pract

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“…20 The presence of more additional risk factors (for example, diabetes, BMI430, hyperlipidaemia and smoking) in hypertensive women relative to hypertensive men has been previously reported in an elderly population. 21 The gender-specific risk of MetS found in our study may also be partly related to gender variations in certain components of the Figure 2. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for MetS among men and women with high BP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…One study in an elderly Greek population demonstrated a higher prevalence of hyperlipidaemia in hypertensive women compared with normotensive women, whereas the prevalence of hyperlipidaemia did not differ between hypertensive and normotensive men. 21 Additional factors associated with the development of hypertension in women several mechanisms have been proposed such as hemodynamic, vascular, metabolic and neurohormonal mechanisms. 24 An important limitation in this study was that we neither had information on the menopausal state of women nor on hormone replacement therapy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in 50-year-old Swedish men and women with hypertension born in 1953

et al. 2011

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To investigate potential gender differences in the role of hypertension as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MetS) we used a random population sample of 50-year-old men (n ¼ 595) and women (n ¼ 667; all born in 1953) who were examined in 2003 --2004. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure values were dichotomized at X140 mm Hg and X90 mm Hg, respectively. MetS was defined using NCEP (National Cholesterol Education Programme) and IDF (International Diabetes Federation) criteria. MetS was more prevalent in men than in women (NCEP 16% versus 10%, P ¼ 0.003; IDF 26% versus 16%, P ¼ 0.000) and systolic hypertension was more common in men than in women (high SBP 24% versus 18%, P ¼ 0.003; high DBP 29% versus 24%, P ¼ 0.074). Women with high SBP had about a seven-fold increased NCEP risk compared with normotensive women (odds ratio (OR) 6.91, confidence interval (CI) 2.90 --16.42), whereas high SBP in men was associated with about a threefold increased NCEP risk (OR 2.72, CI 1.69 --4.38). A similar pattern was observed for the IDF criterion of MetS. All interaction terms (sex Â hypertension) were significant at Po0.01. At middle age, despite that fewer women had hypertension or MetS than men, hypertension carries a relatively greater risk for MetS in women than in men. Keywords: systolic blood pressure; diastolic blood pressure; metabolic syndrome; gender INTRODUCTION Hypertension is a highly prevalent condition and a major contributor to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in both genders. 1 --3 Hypertension frequently occurs in conjunction with other cardiometabolic risk factors and clustering of certain risk factors in an individual constitutes the condition now referred to as metabolic syndrome (MetS), which includes high blood pressure (BP), glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia and abdominal obesity. 4,5 Although there is a debate surrounding the concept of MetS, 6 --8 the syndrome and its components are recognized as strong predictors of CVD in hypertensive men and women. 2,9 Therefore, recent clinical guidelines for the treatment of hypertension stress the importance of identification and appropriate management of multiple metabolic risk factors in hypertensive patients. 10 Although hypertension is a major predictor of CVD in both men and women, there is gender-specific variability in the outcome of cardiovascular-related events associated with high BP. 11,12 In a comparison of the CVD risk associated with systolic BP (SBP) measurements a large cohort of men and women followed-up for 11.2 years from the general population of 11 countries demonstrated that the absolute risk of all fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events is lower in women than in men. 11 However, the relative risk of all cardiovascular events associated with an increase in SBP is steeper in women than in men. 11 In the Framingham study hypertension is reported to account for 39% of coronary heart failure events in men and 59% in women. 12 Given the gender-specific influence of hypertension on cardiovascular-

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“…Elderly patients have a higher cardiovascular risk, through increased arterial wall stiffness, elevated blood pressure and decreased levels of elastin in their large elastic arteries [7][8][9]. Males have a higher SBP than females throughout most of their lives; however, after 65 years of age, the difference between sexes seems to disappear, and after the age of 70, females may have a higher prevalence of hypertension [10][11][12]. Thus, it is of interest to study the differences in the mechanical properties of arteries between the sexes among elderly patients with high SBP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher blood pressure in elderly hypertensive females, with increased arterial stiffness and blood pressure in females with the Fibrillin-1 2/3 genotype

Malm

Alehagen

Blomstrand

et al. 2020

BMC Cardiovasc Disord

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Background: Elderly patients have a relatively high cardiovascular risk due to increased arterial stiffness, elevated blood pressure and decreased amounts of elastin in the arteries. The composition of the media layer in the arterial wall, comprising elastin, collagen, smooth muscle cells, proteoglycans, fibronectin and fibrillin-1, influences its mechanical properties. Mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene leads to increased aortic stiffness, elevated pulse pressure and aortic root dilatation. This study investigates whether there is a sex difference among hypertensive elderly patients regarding blood pressure, arterial stiffness and fibrillin-1 genotypes. Methods: A total of 315 hypertensive subjects (systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg) were included in this study (155 men and 160 women aged 71-88 years). Aortic pulse wave velocity and augmentation index were determined using SphygmoCor, and brachial blood pressure was measured using an oscillometric technique. Fibrillin-1 was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction and with a capillary electrophoresis system. Results: Females showed a significantly higher peripheral mean arterial pressure (females; 107.20 mmHg, males 101.6 mmHg, p = 0.008), central mean arterial pressure (females; 107.2 mmHg, males 101.6 mmHg p = 0.008), central systolic blood pressure (females; 148.1 mmHg, males 139.2 mmHg, p < 0.001) and central pulse pressure (females; 68.9 mmHg, males 61.6 mmHg, p = 0.035) than males. Females with the Fibrillin-1 2/3 genotype showed a significantly higher augmentation index (FBN1 2/3; 39.9%, FBN1 2/2 35.0%, FBN1 2/4 35.8, p = 0.029) and systolic blood pressure (FBN1 2/3; 174.6 mmHg, FBN1 2/2168.9 mmHg, FBN1 2/4169.9 mmHg, p = 0.025) than females with the 2/2 and 2/4 genotypes. Conclusion: The findings of this study may indicate that hypertensive elderly females, especially elderly females with Fibrillin-1 2/3, have increased systolic blood pressure and arterial stiffness.

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Gender-Specific Differences in Hypertension Prevalence, Treatment, Control, and Associated Conditions among the Elderly: Data from a Greek Population

Abstract: Elderly females exhibit a higher prevalence of hypertension and are characterized by lower hypertension control compared to hypertensive males.

Cited by 10 publications

References 16 publications

Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Factors among Older Rural Adults: Results from Liaoning Province, China

Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Factors among Older Rural Adults: Results from Liaoning Province, China

Gender differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in 50-year-old Swedish men and women with hypertension born in 1953

Higher blood pressure in elderly hypertensive females, with increased arterial stiffness and blood pressure in females with the Fibrillin-1 2/3 genotype

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