Gender-Specific Differences between the Concentrations of Nonvolatile (R)/(S)-3-Methyl-3-Sulfanylhexan-1-Ol and (R)/(S)-3-Hydroxy-3-Methyl-Hexanoic Acid Odor Precursors in Axillary Secretions

Troccaz, Myriam; Borchard, Gerrit; Vuilleumier, Christine; Raviot-Derrien, Sophie; Niclass, Yvan; Beccucci, Sabine; Starkenmann, Christian

doi:10.1093/chemse/bjn076

Cited by 64 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Male sweat donors were found to have significantly more intense body odor than females (p-val: 0.015). This is consistent with previous findings (Troccaz et al, 2008;Wilke, Martin, Terstegen, & Biel, 2007) and validates our approach against laboratory-controlled results. Interestingly, we found no significant differences in odor pleasantness by donor gender.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

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The smell of us – crowdsourcing human body odor evaluation

Benony¹,

Cardon²,

Ferré³

et al. 2016

HCj

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Human body odor is produced when sweat-secreted compounds are metabolized by bacteria present on the skin. The resulting volatile mixture is often negatively perceived, motivating the use of personal cosmetic deodorants. Yet body odor may also be positively perceived in some contexts, and is proposed to play a role in sexual attraction, kin identification and social bonding. Because only human smellers can report the hedonic qualities of body odor, their perceptions are a valuable complement to modern GC-MS-based quantitative chemical measurements. Here we present a crowdsourcing framework that engages volunteer smellers to characterize human sweat samples. Our approach seeks to reward both the sweat donor and the smeller with a web-based graphical interface that is informative, interesting, and fun. 300 samples from 87 individual donors were scored by 93 smellers for intensity, pleasantness, and a variety of odor descriptors. Body odor intensity and pleasantness were determined to vary with age, gender, and self-reported deodorant use. Counterintuitively, deodorant use showed no effect on the perceived intensity of body odor, and was associated with a decrease in the perceived pleasantness. From these data, we determine the precision and dynamic range of the volunteer nose as a body odor evaluation instrument. Given the high variability of smeller perceptions, a large-scale crowdsourcing effort may be needed to produce a comprehensive description of body odor perceptions. We discuss the role of learning, creativity and fun in motivating volunteer sweat donors and smellers for such an effort.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Image descriptors were collected from the body odor literature (Havlicek & Lenochova, 2006;Troccaz et al, 2008;Troccaz, Starkenmann, Niclass, van de Waal, & Clark, 2004) and included, for example, Fish, Gasoline and Onion. Six class descriptors were chosen to group image descriptors: Animal, Chemical, Spicy, Fruity, Fatty and Vegetal.…”

Section: Odor Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The smell of us – crowdsourcing human body odor evaluation

Benony¹,

Cardon²,

Ferré³

et al. 2016

HCj

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The amounts found in HM were significantly lower than those reported previously in human sweat (Troccaz et al, 2009). Accordingly, it is not clear at present if these substances are just systemic in origin, representing common values as found in other bodily fluids such as serum or urine.…”

Section: Samplecontrasting

confidence: 65%

“…1), respectively, in the axilla (Natsch et al, 2003;Starkenmann, Niclass, Troccaz, & Clark, 2005) and released by the action of human skin bacteria which causes the characteristic axillary odour (Shelley, Hurley, & Nichols, 1953). Detailed analysis of sweat samples obtained from different donors pointed out that all samples contain the characteristic compounds and precursors of human sweat odour, but in different contents which may cause the observed distinct body odour (Akutsu, Sekiguchi, Ohmori, & Sakurada, 2006;Natsch, Derrer, Flachsmann, & Schmid, 2006;Troccaz et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human sweat odour conjugates in human milk, colostrum and amniotic fluid

Hartmann¹,

Doucet²,

Niclass³

et al. 2012

Food Chemistry

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“…Underarm malodor is caused by the degradation of secreted milky odorless liquid consisting of electrolytes, steroids, proteins, and lipids from the apocrine glands onto the skin surface by the gram-positive bacteria Corynebacterium xerosis and C. jeikeium, which reside on the skin surface Labows et al, 1979;Leyden et al, 1981;Stefaniak et al, 2010;Noël et al, 2012 . The bacterial biotransformation produces 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, 3-methyl-3-hydroxy hexanoic acid, 5 -androst-16-en-3, isovaleric acid, and propionic acid Zeng et al, 1991;Natsch et al, 2006;Troccaz et al, 2009 , which are typical sources of malodor.Typically, in non-severe cases of dandruff and underarm malodor, over-the-counter personal hygiene products are used. However, because personal hygiene J. I. KIM ET AL.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable Antimicrobial Activity Achieved via Immobilization of Quaternary Ammonium Chloride on Hair

Kim¹,

Son²

2018

Biocontrol Sci.

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Dandruff and underarm malodor are caused by microorganisms. Personal hygiene products that contain various types of antimicrobial agents are available and are used for the prevention and alleviation of these conditions. However, their effects are not significant and often do not last long. Working toward a solution, hair was treated with thioglycolic acid, a reducing agent, and then with 2-acryloyloxy ethyl trimethylammonium chloride to covalently bond and immobilize quaternary ammonium chloride QAC to hair shafts. Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the bonding of QAC. Time-kill assays were performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities against two yeast strains responsible for dandruff, two bacterial strains responsible for underarm malodor, and two typical bacterial skin microflora strains. The time-kill assays revealed the antimicrobial effects of QAC against all tested microorganisms. Washing with detergents decreased the antimicrobial effects compared to hair not washed with detergent. This method could potentially replace personal hygiene products, such as shampoos and antiperspirants, which act as antimicrobial agents in the prevention and alleviation of dandruff and underarm malodor.Key words Hair / Antimicrobial activity / Quaternary ammonium chloride / Dandruff / Underarm malodor. INTRODUCTIONDandruff is a condition in which pieces of dead keratinocytes become visible on the scalp. Dandruff is the most common scalp condition that is often accompanied by itching and erythema Rapini et al., 2007 . The complex causes of dandruff include excess sebum secretion from the sebaceous glands, hormonal imbalance, and excessive proliferation of Malassezia species in the scalp. Malassezia species are yeasts that are found in many environments including the skin, particularly in sebaceous skin areas, such as the scalp, face, and chest. The viable numbers of these yeasts reportedly increase 1.5-2-fold in numbers when dandruff is present Ranganathan and Mukhopadhyay, 2010 . These species degrade triglycerides in the sebum to produce oleic acid, which is absorbed into the stratum corneum. After absorption, oleic acid causes an inflammatory response in keratinocytes, which disrupts homeostasis, leading to the erratic cleavage of keratinocytes, and ultimately to dandruff Dawson, 2006 . Underarm malodor often arises after puberty. In extreme cases, the objectionable malodor can limit normal social activities for the affected person. Humans have two types of sweat glands, namely apocrine and eccrine sweat glands. Underarm malodor is caused by the degradation of secreted milky odorless liquid consisting of electrolytes, steroids, proteins, and lipids from the apocrine glands onto the skin surface by the gram-positive bacteria Corynebacterium xerosis and C. jeikeium, which reside on the skin surface Labows et al., 1979;Leyden et al., 1981;Stefaniak et al., 2010;Noël et al., 2012 . The bacterial biotransformation produces 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol, 3-methyl-3-hydroxy hexanoic acid, 5 -...

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Gender-Specific Differences between the Concentrations of Nonvolatile (R)/(S)-3-Methyl-3-Sulfanylhexan-1-Ol and (R)/(S)-3-Hydroxy-3-Methyl-Hexanoic Acid Odor Precursors in Axillary Secretions

Cited by 64 publications

References 26 publications

The smell of us – crowdsourcing human body odor evaluation

The smell of us – crowdsourcing human body odor evaluation

Human sweat odour conjugates in human milk, colostrum and amniotic fluid

Stable Antimicrobial Activity Achieved via Immobilization of Quaternary Ammonium Chloride on Hair

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