Gender Specific Correlations of Adrenal Gland Size and Body Fat Distribution: A Whole Body MRI Study

Ludescher, Burkhard; Najib, Arif; Baar, Sophia; Machann, Juergen; Thamer, Claus; Schick, Fritz; Buchkremer, Gerhard; Claussen, Claus D.; Eschweiler, Gerhard W.

doi:10.1055/s-2007-982518

Cited by 33 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…If the presence of the specific combination of both high leptin and visceral fat is important for depression to emerge, this combination may be a less important contributing factor for depression in women due to differences in visceral fat levels and related metabolic consequences. Indeed, it has been consistently shown also in the present study that women, as compared to men, have higher measures of body fat but less visceral adiposity (22,23). Visceral adiposity is associated with metabolic disturbances and increased inflammatory response that, in turn, have been linked to depression and development of leptin resistance (22–28).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Leptin, Abdominal Obesity, and Onset of Depression in Older Men and Women

Milaneschi

Simonsick

Vogelzangs

et al. 2012

J. Clin. Psychiatry

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Objective The mechanisms that underlie the association between abdominal obesity and depression risk in older persons are not well known, but the “leptin hypothesis” of depression suggests that leptin resistance may be involved in mood regulation. We tested whether high circulatory concentration of leptin, alone and in combination with visceral adiposity, is associated with onset of depression in a sample of older persons. Method Participants were 1220 men and 1282 women aged 70–79 years, enrolled in the Health, Aging and Body Composition study. Plasma concentration of leptin and abdominal visceral fat ascertained by computed tomography were assessed at baseline (April 1997 – June 1998). Onset of depression was defined as a Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale 10-item score ≥ 10 and/or new antidepressant medication use at any annual visit over a 5-year follow-up. Results Higher leptin was associated with the risk of depression onset in men with high visceral fat (HR=1.25,95%CI=1.06–1.46, p=0.01) but not in those with normal visceral fat (HR=0.98,95%CI=0.80–1.19, p=0.80) (leptin*visceral fat p=0.04). No interaction between leptin and visceral fat was detected in the analysis focusing on women (p=0.90). Conclusion In older men, high leptin was associated with an increased onset of depressive symptoms especially in the presence of abdominal obesity, suggesting that underlying leptin resistance may play a role in this link. Differences in visceral fat levels and metabolic consequences may explain the absence of this association in women. These findings suggest a potential biological link between depression, obesity and their joint association with negative health outcomes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Leptin, Abdominal Obesity, and Onset of Depression in Older Men and Women

Milaneschi

Simonsick

Vogelzangs

et al. 2012

J. Clin. Psychiatry

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“…However, these measures are rough estimates, and investigations of visceral and subcutaneous adiposity in HIV-infected children through more sensitive techniques (such as single-slice CT or MRI) have been limited (16). Although no standards for visceral and subcutaneous fat are available for children, we found that girls have a greater subcutaneous adipose tissue and non-Hispanic whites have greater amounts of visceral fat in our sample, findings that have been substantiated in other non-HIV studies (30)(31)(32). Furthermore, NNRTIs were found to be protective against, yet NRTIs associated with, higher visceral adipose tissue levels.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1

Miller

Orav

Lipshultz

et al. 2008

The Journal of Pediatrics

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Objective-To determine risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in HIV-infected children compared with nationally representative controls from 2003-2004 NHANES data.Study design-Prospective, longitudinal analysis of CVD risk factors in 42 HIV-infected children compared with NHANES controls with multivariable modeling of demographic, disease-specific, and treatment-related factors contributing to cardiac risk in the HIV cohort.Results-The 42 HIV-infected children were initially an average of 10.1 years old, 68% CDC class B or C, and 76% were on HAART. Compared with age-and sex-adjusted NHANES controls, HIVinfected children had lower weights (−.46 SD vs +.54 SD; P<.001), heights (−.62 SD vs +.26 SD; P<.001), and body mass index (−.09 SD vs +.51 SD; P<.001). HIV-infected children had higher triglycerides (136 mg/dL vs 90 mg/dL; P < 0.001) and lower HDL-cholesterol levels (47 mg/dL vs 54 mg/dL; P < 0.001). Protease inhibitor (PI) therapy was independently associated with higher triglycerides (P = 0.02) and LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.04) and lower HDL-cholesterol (P=0.02); NNRTI therapy was associated with lower visceral fat (P=0.01) and higher HDL-cholesterol (P = 0.005). Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV disease in developed nations has transitioned from an almost uniformly fatal illness to a chronic disease with therapies now targeted toward indefinite viral suppression (1). Although certain adverse metabolic outcomes were present before the advent of HAART, these abnormalities have increased both in prevalence and scope (2). These metabolic problems have been better described in adults (3), with more limited data in children (4-9). Conclusions-HIV-infectedThere is evidence that adults with HIV infection are at an increased risk of developing premature atherosclerotic CVD associated with abnormal metabolic profiles (2,10). Factors cited as potential contributors to increased cardiovascular risk in adults include specific HAART therapy, sex, age, lifestyle habits (exercise, smoking), and prior history of CVD (10-12). Even less is known about cardiovascular risk in children with HIV. Compared with the pre-HAART era (13), studies in children have shown that PIs improve weight (14) but may be associated with increased serum levels of fasting lipids (5,15). However, specific drug effects and visceral adiposity (4,16), known cardiovascular risk factors in adults, have not been assessed well in children.As children live longer with HIV and undergo more intensive and potentially card...

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“…The body fat distribution, particularly abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adiposity, has been associated with gender-related variation in inflammatory markers, including hsCRP, IL-6, TNF- α , and adiponectin. In fact, fat distribution is known to differ across genders, with men having more visceral and less subcutaneous fat [34]. In our study, even after having adjusted for BMI, we cannot exclude a contribution of abdominal visceral adiposity in men, as manifested by increased WC, for the more prejudicial inflammatory status found relative to women population, which included not only higher TNF- α content but also lower levels of adiponectin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Markers of Increased Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women: Focus on Oxidized-LDL and HDL Subpopulations

et al. 2013

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Objective. To evaluate the effect of gender and menopause in cardiovascular risk (CVR) in a healthy population based on both classical and nontraditional markers. Methods. 56 men and 68 women (48 pre- and 20 postmenopause) were enrolled in the study. The following markers were analyzed: blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), glucose, total cholesterol (total-c), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), oxidized-LDL (Ox-LDL), HDL-c and subpopulations, paraoxonase-1 activity, hsCRP, uric acid, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and intercellular adhesion molecular 1 (ICAM1). Results. Relative to the women, men present significantly increased BMI, WC, BP, glucose, total-c, TGs, LDL-c, Ox-LDL, uric acid, and TNF-α and reduced adiponectin and total and large HDL-c. The protective profile of women is lost after menopause with a significantly increased BMI, WC, BP, glucose, LDL-c, Ox-LDL, hsCRP, and VEGF and decreased total and large HDL-c. Significant correlations were found in women population and in postmenopausal women between Ox-LDL and total, large, and small HDL-c and between TNF-α and total, large, and small HDL-c, LDL-c, and Ox-LDL. Conclusions. Men present higher CVR than women who lost protection after menopause, evidenced by nontraditional markers, including Ox-LDL and HDL subpopulations.

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Gender Specific Correlations of Adrenal Gland Size and Body Fat Distribution: A Whole Body MRI Study

Cited by 33 publications

References 12 publications

Leptin, Abdominal Obesity, and Onset of Depression in Older Men and Women

Leptin, Abdominal Obesity, and Onset of Depression in Older Men and Women

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1

Markers of Increased Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women: Focus on Oxidized-LDL and HDL Subpopulations

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