Gender reassignment today.

Mate-Kole, C. Charles; Montgomery, Douglass W.; Dalrymple, Joan; Hirsch, Sandy

doi:10.1136/bmj.295.6604.997

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…This technique was first taken up by Peter Phillips and later by James Dalrymple at Charring Cross Hospital, London [69]. This is the technique currently used at our center ( Figure 3).…”

Section: Current Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Development of Feminizing Genitoplasty for Gender Dysphoria

Goddard

Vickery

Terry

2007

The Journal of Sexual Medicine

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Introduction Determining the history and development of feminizing genitoplasty is fascinating and instructive but fraught with difficulty. Earliest examples relate to practices carried out in ancient cultures. Gender reassignment surgery (GRS) developed from reconstructive procedures for congenital abnormalities. Some surgery was disguised, techniques were not recorded, and operations were carried out in secret. Aim The aim of this article is to review the historical development of male-to-female GRS. Methods Information was gleaned from Medline and general Internet searches. Further evidence was found by reviewing the references of early articles. A fascinating insight was also found in the autobiographies of GRS patients. Results The first recorded case was by Abrahams in 1931. Techniques evolved from the early vaginal absence work of Beck and Graves. Pioneers of GRS were Sir Harold Gillies in England and Georges Burou of Casablanca. In the 1950s, they both used invagination of the penile skin sheath to form a vagina. Howard Jones, of Johns Hopkins, published the second classic technique using penile and scrotal skin flaps. These two methods form the basis of male-to-female GRS today. The history of GRS reveals a struggle to improve functionality as well as cosmesis. In particular, the neovagina but also a functioning neoclitoris, which has developed from a cosmetic swelling into an innovated organ, derived from the glans penis and harvested penile neurovascular bundle. Conclusions Improved function and cosmesis continue to be the aim of the gender dysphoria surgeon. However, this review suggests the future management of transwomen should address not only refinements of surgical techniques but also prospective collection of posttreatment quality-of-life issues.

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“…This technique was first taken up by Peter Phillips and later by James Dalrymple at Charring Cross Hospital, London [69]. This is the technique currently used at our center ( Figure 3).…”

Section: Current Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The major alternative to penile inversion is the dual penoscrotal flap technique described by Jones in 1968 at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. This technique was first taken up by Peter Phillips and later by James Dalrymple at Charring Cross Hospital, London [69]. This is the technique currently used at our center ( Figure 3).…”

Section: Current Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Feminizing Genitoplasty for Gender Dysphoria

Goddard

Vickery

Terry

2007

The Journal of Sexual Medicine

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Transsexual healing: Medicaid funding of sex reassignment surgery

Gordon

1991

Arch Sex Behav

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Federal requirements for state Medicaid programs are surveyed, and case law regarding Medicaid funding of sex reassignment surgery is reviewed. States have attempted to exclude sex reassignment surgery (SRS) from Medicaid coverage on various bases, concluding, for example, that the procedure constituted "cosmetic surgery." Judicial scrutiny of such exclusions has usually resulted in the state action being found violative of the federal Medicaid statute and accompanying regulations. In those cases upholding the state exclusion, the primary judicial obstacle to funding has been a determination that SRS is "not medically necessary" or is "experimental." The author explores the recent scientific literature concerning long-term outcomes following SRS and concludes that the procedure, for purposes of Medicaid funding, is neither "unnecessary" nor "experimental," and that the categorical exclusion of SRS from Medicaid coverage is therefore inappropriate. The author recommends case-specific determinations of eligibility for Medicaid funding, utilizing the standards of care promulgated by The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association.

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Psychiatric Symptoms in Transsexualism

Kellett

Mate-Kole

1988

Br J Psychiatry

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Gender reassignment today.

Cited by 3 publications

References 2 publications

Development of Feminizing Genitoplasty for Gender Dysphoria

Development of Feminizing Genitoplasty for Gender Dysphoria

Transsexual healing: Medicaid funding of sex reassignment surgery

Psychiatric Symptoms in Transsexualism

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