Gender ratio comparisons of the suicide rates and methods in Korea, Japan, Australia, and the United States

Ahn, Myung Hee; Park, Subin; Ha, Kyooseob; Choi, Soon Ho; Hong, Jin Pyo

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.008

Cited by 68 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…It is widely known that female patients dominate cases of APAP hepatotoxicity in both retrospective population-based studies (Kjartansdottir et al, 2012) and in prospective translational investigations (McGill et al, 2012a). The cause for this finding is probably more related to the preferred method of suicide of female patients in Western countries where APAP overdose is common (Hee Ahn et al, 2012) than to their susceptibility to APAP. In fact, although it was noted in one study that there were no differences in outcome between males and females with APAP-induced acute liver failure (Larson et al, 2005), there is no epidemiological study available that specifically addresses the question of gender-dependent susceptibility to APAP hepatotoxicity in humans which also takes into consideration critical factors such as dose and timing of ingestion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower susceptibility of female mice to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: Role of mitochondrial glutathione, oxidant stress and c-jun N-terminal kinase

Williams

McGill

et al. 2014

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

107

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Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes severe hepatotoxicity in animals and humans. However, the mechanisms underlying the gender differences in susceptibility to APAP overdose in mice have not been clarified. In our study, APAP (300 mg/kg) caused severe liver injury in male mice but 69-77% lower injury in females. No gender difference in metabolic activation of APAP was found. Hepatic glutathione (GSH) was rapidly depleted in both genders, while GSH recovery in female mice was 2.6 fold higher in mitochondria at 4h, and 2.5 and 3.3 fold higher in the total liver at 4h and 6h, respectively. This faster recovery of GSH, which correlated with greater induction of glutamate-cysteine ligase, attenuated mitochondrial oxidative stress in female mice, as suggested by a lower GSSG/GSH ratio at 6h (3.8% in males vs. 1.4% in females) and minimal centrilobular nitrotyrosine staining. While c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation was similar at 2 and 4h post-APAP, it was 3.1 fold lower at 6h in female mice. However, female mice were still protected by the JNK inhibitor SP600125. 17β-Estradiol pretreatment moderately decreased liver injury and oxidative stress in male mice without affecting GSH recovery. Conclusion: The lower susceptibility of female mice is achieved by the improved detoxification of reactive oxygen due to accelerated recovery of mitochondrial GSH levels, which attenuates late JNK activation and liver injury. However, even the reduced injury in female mice was still dependent on JNK. While 17β-estradiol partially protects male mice, it does not affect hepatic GSH recovery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower susceptibility of female mice to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: Role of mitochondrial glutathione, oxidant stress and c-jun N-terminal kinase

Williams

McGill

et al. 2014

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

107

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“…Death by suicide is also higher among men than women. 9,10 Men are 3 to 4 times more likely to carry out suicide, with the highest rates being among middle-aged men. 11 Reasons for this have been attributed to a greater willingness to use lethal methods, a reluctance to talk about emotional distress or seek help for it, higher rates of alcohol use, and a greater tendency to move quickly from thought to action.…”

Section: Overall Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Death by suicide is also higher among men than women. 9,10 Men are 3 to 4 times more likely to carry out suicide, with the highest rates being among middle-aged men.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Status of men’s health in Canada

Goldenberg

2014

CUAJ

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Menaremorelikelytodieofcancer,heartdisease,ordiabetesat youngeragesthanwomen-arealitythatiscompoundedbythe reluctanceofmentousehealthcareservices.Inadditiontoreduced lifeexpectancy,mencanalsoexpecttolivefewerhealthyyearsthan theirfemalecounterparts.Asgynecologistsandobstetricianshaveled thewomen'shealthmovementinaddressinggender-specificgapsin care,urologistsarewell-poisedtotakeonaleadershiproletoadvocate for,andaddress,men'shealthinitiatives. Overall perspectiveThe women's health movement has been a strong force in healthcare planning for the past 2 decades, addressing significant gaps in healthcare delivery, research, advocacy and policy. In contrast, there has been less focus on equally important issues related to men's health, even though mortality rates are consistently higher among men than women.Canadian men, on average, can expect to live for 4 fewer years than women.1 Life expectancy data for British Columbia from the 1920s to the present day show a steady increase in life expectancy for both sexes, thanks to improvements that have percolated through society (i.e., labour laws, safety legislation, smoking cessation, seatbelts and environmental campaigns). Though the gender gap is gradually narrowing, women are still consistently living, on average, longer than men (Fig. 1). 2Part of the issue may be the fact that, in our culture, men are not conditioned to see their health as a priority. Unhelpful stereotypes of independence, risk taking and "the strong silent type" make it difficult to engage in positive health behaviour. An alternative explanation may also be found in the biological reality of the impact of the Y chromosome on the male body and the influence of testosterone on human (and almost all other species) human behaviour.A number of biologic, social and environmental factors contribute to this gap in average life expectancy between the sexes, and there are several particular causes causes of early life loss. Cardiovascular disease is known to strike men more often and earlier than women.3 Some proposed factors contributing to this disparity include poor nutritional habits, such as lower consumption of fruits and vegetables and higher salt intake, [3][4][5] poorer anger management, 6 and a higher likelihood of being overweight.2 A potential cardioprotective effect of estrogen has been hypothesized to account for part of the disparity in cardiovascular disease between men and women; 7,8 however, further research is needed to determine the role of estrogen in preventing heart disease. Death by suicide is also higher among men than women. 9,10 Men are 3 to 4 times more likely to carry out suicide, with the highest rates being among middle-aged men.11 Reasons for this have been attributed to a greater willingness to use lethal methods, a reluctance to talk about emotional distress or seek help for it, higher rates of alcohol use, and a greater tendency to move quickly from thought to action. Males are generally considered to be higher risk-takers than females. Indeed, motor vehicle accident...

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“…[2][3][4] This gap in care has grave outcomes as Canadian men are at least 3 times more likely to die by suicide than Canadian women 5 -a figure that increases to 7 times among elderly men. 6 Specific to urologic diseases/disorders, such as urologic cancers, lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction (ED), men experience elevated levels of anxiety and depression. 7,8 For example, the risk of suicide in men with prostate cancer is over 4 times that of a similarly aged man without prostate cancer.…”

Section: Men's Mental Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Men’s mental health: Connection to urologic health

Matthew¹

2014

CUAJ

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Historically,thespecialtyofurologyhasfocusedonsingle-systemdiseases.Inrecentyears,however,therehasbeenincreasingrecognition oftheinterconnectivitybetweenthevarioussystems,suchascardiovasculardisease,metabolicsyndrome,erectiledysfunctionandprostatecancer.Thisconstellationofdisease/syndromeanddysfunction mayplaceurologistsatthecentreofmen'soverallhealthconcerns. Asurologistsconsideringtakingonaleadershiproleinmen'shealth, theyshouldalsoconsidertheirpotentialinhelpingmensufferingfrom thesignificantburdenofamentalhealthdisorder.Urologistsmay haveauniqueopportunitytoidentifymentalhealthissuesintheir malepatients,influencehealthybehaviourchange,andsuccessfully refermen,whomightotherwisenotseekhelp,toappropriatemedical/ psychologicalcare. Men's mental healthAn estimated 3.4 million Canadian men are currently living with mental illness. 1 This number is likely an underestimation given that a large proportion of men experiencing symptoms of mental illness do not seek the help of a professional. [2][3][4] This gap in care has grave outcomes as Canadian men are at least 3 times more likely to die by suicide than Canadian women 5 -a figure that increases to 7 times among elderly men.6 Specific to urologic diseases/disorders, such as urologic cancers, lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction (ED), men experience elevated levels of anxiety and depression. 7,8 For example, the risk of suicide in men with prostate cancer is over 4 times that of a similarly aged man without prostate cancer. 9 Patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) experience elevated levels of psychosocial distress, with depression rates of 6% to 21% and anxiety rates of 3% to 10%. 10 An estimated 10% of men with ED suffer from depression, and 2.5% to 37% suffer from anxiety.11 Given the relationship between mental health and overall health-related quality of life, it is clear that increasing numbers of men in general, and men with urologic disease, are suffering a significant burden and that most of this burden remains untreated by healthcare professionals. Barriers to accessing mental health services include stigma, differences in expression of emotional problems (compared to women), maladaptive coping, and lack of awareness of support services in the community. StigmaResults suggest that the most prominent barrier to seeking and accessing mental health services is stigma.12,13 Seeking mental healthcare services remains a secretive and shameful activity for many individuals.14 The anticipation of social consequences and discrimination is often enough to force men into silence. While mental health stigma is not exclusively a male issue, men face a disproportionate amount of stigma, which is often perpetuated by masculine ideals of strength and self-reliance. A firm belief in stoicism and the need to control emotions may lead some men with anxiety and depression to perceive emotional distress as shameful, and hide their symptoms from others. 13,15 Differences in expression of emotional problemsAnother factor that may complicate se...

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Gender ratio comparisons of the suicide rates and methods in Korea, Japan, Australia, and the United States

Cited by 68 publications

References 21 publications

Lower susceptibility of female mice to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: Role of mitochondrial glutathione, oxidant stress and c-jun N-terminal kinase

Lower susceptibility of female mice to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: Role of mitochondrial glutathione, oxidant stress and c-jun N-terminal kinase

Status of men’s health in Canada

Men’s mental health: Connection to urologic health

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