Gender Profile – Iraq: A situation analysis on gender equality and women’s empowerment in Iraq

Vilardo, Valeria; Bittar, Sarah

doi:10.21201/2018.3460

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 2 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…11 Another factor contributing to this finding is that the notion of exposing the main breadwinner of the family to the consequences of organ donation may render the whole family in need. According to World Bank data based on modeled International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates, 12 the ratio of female to male labor force participation rate in Iraq was 21.7% in 2017 (21.89 in 2016) making the man as the most probable individual to depend upon in the family. Thus, absence from work -due to surgery or complications of organ donation-will end up jeopardizing the whole family dynamics temporarily or, sometimes, permanently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter covered the following concepts: subject's awareness of organs donation and transplantation, related laws, willingness to donate organs after death and if otherwise, the reasons for not willing to do so. For the socioeconomic status, Modified Kuppuswamy scale (Table 1) was used and the participants were classified into three classes for the purpose of analysis according to their score and as follows: 8 • Upper class (26)(27)(28)(29) • Middle class (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25) • Lower class (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10) Participants willingness to donate and willingness to sign for organs donation were assessed according to their responses. Only ''Yes'' and ''No" responses were allowed in these questionnaire items.…”

Section: Study Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

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Attitudes and Perceptions among Iraqi Young Adults towards Organs Donation and Transplantation: A Call for Action

Al-Abbasi

2020

Journal of Public Health Research

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Background: Organs transplantation is the only treatment for end-stage organ failure. However, the disparity between organs availability and the number of patients in the waiting lists is widening globally, especially in Iraq for many reasons. This study aims to assess the level of attitudes and perceptions among Iraqi young adults towards organs donation and transplantation as the first study to be conducted in Iraq for such purpose.Methods: This observational study was conducted among 912 Iraqi young adults through a structured questionnaire which was disseminated among social media platforms. Participants consented before filling the questionnaire and their responses were analyzed to test the hypothesis of the study.Results: Most of the participants were females, Muslims and in their undergraduate level. Overall, 84.2% of the participants were willing to donate their organs after death and (97.9%) of them actually agreed to sign for organs donation. Most of those who were not willing to donate have no idea whether their religion approves it or not. There was no statistically significant difference in willingness to donate between different socioeconomic classes or residency areas.Conclusions: Most of the participants are convinced with donating their organs after death and are willing to sign for organ donation programs, advocating for initiating an official governmental transplant agency with multiple local committees distributed among health directorates all over the country managing it. The hesitancy to donate organs was attributed mostly to religious and associated with lack of knowledge issues, thus education might be the key to positive attitudes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

Attitudes and Perceptions among Iraqi Young Adults towards Organs Donation and Transplantation: A Call for Action

Al-Abbasi

2020

Journal of Public Health Research

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“…(Al-Azzawi, 2011; UNESCO Office for Iraq National Education Support Strategy, 2011). According to the Iraq Mental Health Survey (IMHS), which included 4,332 adults, 27% of studied males were illiterate versus 37% females during 2006/2007 (World Health Organization (EMRO), 2007), another updated detailed report by Vilardo and Bitter (2018) stated that only 39.5% of adult women completed secondary school versus 56.5% of males during 2017 to 2018. The gender gap in quitting school rate was 5.4% for males and 11.4% for females, with a regional disparity in conflict governorate regions.…”

Section: Education After 2003mentioning

confidence: 99%

The plight of women in Iraq: Gender disparity, violence, and mental health

Younis

Lafta

2021

Int J Soc Psychiatry

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Background: Generations of women living in Iraq endured three major regional wars and internal conflicts, which weakened their psychological vulnerability and social role by poverty, displacements, and loss of their beloved ones. The available literature about women’s mental health is scarce and does not signify the gender inequality and gender disparity of mental disorders. Method: During 1st August to October 2020, we explored the search engines: Google Scholar, Pub-Med, Medline, and Clarivate using keywords of Iraq, gender inequality, women’s mental health, violence, and conflict, mental disorders, gender-based violence, etc. From 1792 research items, 64 articles were scrutinized for this study. We selected the most relevant studies with some available documents excluding data bout Immigrant women outside Iraq and reports from foreign military sources. Finding: Women living in Iraq have struggled for equality and empowerment since the 20th century. For the last four decades, successive wars, economic sanction, gender-based violence, and internal conflicts have affected their development endeavors. The 2003 US-led invasion caused a loss of lives, destruction of infrastructure, and forced displacement for tens of thousands of civilians, including women and children. These atrocities increased women’s vulnerability to develop or worsen the existing mental disorders. This review tries to attract world attention to women’s situations in Iraq.

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“…This is a major problem, especially considering that women constitute almost half (49 %) of the population in Iraq (Trading Economics, 2016) and many of them have become heads of households due to wars (UNDP, 2012). In addition, 80 % of these female heads of households are widows, divorced, separated, or caring for sick spouses (Vilardo & Bittar, 2018). Therefore, it can be argued that the case of women's entrepreneurship in Iraq is unique, hence making it imperative to investigate how smartphone innovations can help this group become more successful, independent and empowered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Between Handholding and Hand-held Devices: Marketing Through Smartphone Innovation and Women’s Entrepreneurship in Post Conflict Economies in Times of Crisis

2021

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There is a wide gender gap in developing countries due to a range of cultural, economic and political barriers. This is even more accentuated in post conflict economies in times of crisis. Smartphones and mobile applications can help to narrow this gap. The economic and non-economic challenges facing women entrepreneurs and the role of smartphone innovation in overcoming these challenges and developing strong marketing strategies were investigated. We drew on the 5 M model to investigate how mobile applications can support women entrepreneurs. We conducted thirty interviews with women entrepreneurs in Iraq. The findings show that mobile applications provided these entrepreneurs with innovative ways to overcome many of the challenges they face in relation to running a business. The research provides theoretical contributions by developing an integrated, multilevel analytical model on women in entrepreneurship based on extending the 5 M model with new technology-related elements. Practical, policy and managerial implications are discussed.

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Gender Profile – Iraq: A situation analysis on gender equality and women’s empowerment in Iraq

Cited by 19 publications

References 2 publications

Attitudes and Perceptions among Iraqi Young Adults towards Organs Donation and Transplantation: A Call for Action

Attitudes and Perceptions among Iraqi Young Adults towards Organs Donation and Transplantation: A Call for Action

The plight of women in Iraq: Gender disparity, violence, and mental health

Between Handholding and Hand-held Devices: Marketing Through Smartphone Innovation and Women’s Entrepreneurship in Post Conflict Economies in Times of Crisis

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