“…Women's labour remains unremunerated, loses value, and becomes readily available as a l ow-cost input into projects of commercialization. Thus, studies of export-oriented agriculture have shown that investment schemes typically have created a l ow-paid, often seasonal, and disproportionately female labour force, although differentiated by other status positions ( Barrientos et al, 1999;Barndt, 2008;Bigler et al, 2017;Sulle and Dancer, 2020). Moreover, gendered inequalities, in intersection with other status positions, have facilitated the extraction of surplus value from agriculture, establishing ' chains of exploitation' with rural women at the bottom and agribusiness companies at the top ( Maffii, 2009;Luna, 2019).…”