Gender of children and social provisions as predictors of unplanned pregnancies in Pakistan: a cross-sectional survey

Sattar, Naveed; Lashari, Usman Ghani; Waqas, Ahmed; Bhuiyan, Mariam; Meraj, Hafsa

doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3696-8

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…The mother covariates and household level were controlled, including the mother's age during first birth, highest education level, household wealth index, and the ownership of health insurance (Hajizadeh & Nghiem, 2020). In highly patriarchal societies, the analysis also controlled for the child's gender, as mentioned in other studies (Naveed et al, 2018;Rahman, 2015). The baby's gender could influence the mother's decision or care during pregnancy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Under-Utilization of Maternal-Child Healthcare Services and Adverse Outcomes of Unwanted Pregnancies in Urban and Rural Areas of Indonesia

Astiarani

Maybelline

Putri

et al. 2021

JPSS

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The study examines the association of unwanted pregnancy and the utilization of maternal-child health services, and the adverse health outcomes in urban and rural settings. The study employed data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic Health Survey that included 13,806 live births; the mothers were not pregnant at the interview and were married participants. The multiple logistic regression analysis concerning residential areas was conducted separately to compare outcomes related to unwanted pregnancy. Non-standard antenatal care visits (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2–2.4), prolonged labor (AOR=1.6; 95% CI=1.2–2.1), the absence of child’s birth documentation (AOR=1.3; 95% CI=1.0–1.6), and smaller baby size (AOR=1.2; 95% CI=1.0–1.4) are associated with unwanted pregnancy in urban areas. In rural settings, on the other hand, unwanted pregnancy is associated with non-standard antenatal care (AOR=1.6; 95% CI=1.2–2.2). Therefore, in Indonesia, urban areas lack maternal-child healthcare services utilization and higher adverse events due to unwanted pregnancy than rural areas. An adjustment approach is required in maternal-child health-related programs in both areas, particularly for women living in urban.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Under-Utilization of Maternal-Child Healthcare Services and Adverse Outcomes of Unwanted Pregnancies in Urban and Rural Areas of Indonesia

Astiarani

Maybelline

Putri

et al. 2021

JPSS

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“…Prior research of our team member revealed that women’s husbands or in-laws declined permanent methods of contraception (e.g., tubal ligation) contrary to women’s decision and even when no further children were desired [ 47 ]. Pakistani women who have less autonomy are likely to embrace traditional attitudes and values regarding pregnancy [ 48 ]. For example, women believe that breastfeeding would protect against pregnancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, women believe that breastfeeding would protect against pregnancy. Sex of the older child [ 46 ], specifically having a son, increased the likelihood of unplanned pregnancies to increase the number of breadwinning sons in the family [ 48 ]. Women’s abilities to make decisions regarding their reproductive health, a vital aspect of women’s empowerment and pregnancy-related empowerment, impacts antenatal anxiety [ 49 , 50 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual and collective contribution of antenatal psychosocial distress conditions and preterm birth in Pakistani women

Lalani

Premji²,

Shaikh³

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Background We determined whether dimensions of psychosocial distress during pregnancy individually and collectively predicted preterm birth (PTB) in Pakistani women as it may be misleading to extrapolate results from literature predominantly conducted in high-income countries. Methods This cohort study included 1603 women recruited from four Aga Khan Hospital for Women and Children in Sindh, Pakistan. The primary binary outcome of PTB (i.e., livebirth before 37 completed weeks’ gestation) was regressed on self-reported symptoms of anxiety (Pregnancy-Related Anxiety (PRA) Scale and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y-1), depression (Edinburgh Perinatal Depression Scale (EPDS)), and covariates such as chronic stress (Perceived Stress Scale) assessed with standardized question and scales with established language equivalency (Sindhi and Urdu). Results All 1603 births occurred between 24 and 43 completed weeks’ gestation. PRA was a stronger predictor of PTB than other types of antenatal psychosocial distress conditions. Chronic stress had no effect on the strength of association between PRA and PTB and a slight but non-significant effect on depression. A planned pregnancy significantly lowered risk of PTB among women who experienced PRA. Aggregate antenatal psychosocial distress did not improve model prediction over PRA. Conclusions Like studies in high-income countries, PRA became a strong predictor of PTB when considering interactive effects of whether the current pregnancy was planned. Women’s resilience and abilities to make sexual and reproductive health decisions are important to integrate in future research. Findings should be generalized with caution as socio-cultural context is a likely effect modifier. We did not consider protective/strength-oriented factors, such as resilience among women.

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“…Social support plays a significant role in stressful life events and includes providing emotional, informational, and practical physical support (financial and material) during the time of need and within a person's social network (Dambi et al, 2018 ; Sharif et al, 2021 ). Research on social support during pregnancy has shown that it may be a strong predictor of a healthy pregnancy (Naveed et al, 2018 ). Several studies on the population of pregnant women found that social support plays a significant role in maternal well-being, while perceived lack of social support leads to mental health problems (Aktan, 2012 ; Denis et al, 2015 ; Sharif et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Maternal Anxiety on Early Child Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Jeličić¹,

Sovilj²,

Bogavac³

et al. 2021

Front. Psychol.

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Background: Maternal prenatal anxiety is among important public health issues as it may affect child development. However, there are not enough studies to examine the impact of a mother's anxiety on the child's early development, especially up to 1 year.Objective: The present prospective cohort study aimed to examine whether maternal trait anxiety, perceived social support, and COVID-19 related fear impacted speech-language, sensory-motor, and socio-emotional development in 12 months old Serbian infants during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: This follow-up study included 142 pregnant women (Time 1) and their children at 12 months (Time 2). Antenatal maternal anxiety and children's development were examined. Maternal anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Child speech-language, sensory-motor, and socio-emotional development were assessed using the developmental scale in the form of an online questionnaire that examined the early psychophysiological child development. Information on socioeconomic factors, child and maternal demographics, clinical factors, and perceived fear of COVID-19 viral infection were collected. Multivariable General Linear Model analysis was conducted, adjusted for demographic, clinical, and coronavirus prenatal experiences, maternal prenatal anxiety levels, perceived social support, speech-language, motor skills, and cognitive and socio-emotional development at the infants' age of 12 months.Results: The study revealed the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal trait anxiety. The association between selected independent factors and infants' development was found in a demographically unified sample except for employment and the number of children. There was a correlation between all observed developmental functions. Univariate General Linear model statistical analysis indicated that linear models with selected independent factors and covariates could account for 30.9% (Cognition) up to 40.6% (Speech-language) of variability in developmental functions. It turned out that two-way and three-way interactions had a dominant role on models, and STAI-T Level and COVID-19 related fear were present in all interaction terms.Conclusion: Our findings reveal important determinants of child developmental outcomes and underline the impact of maternal anxiety on early child development. These findings lay the groundwork for the following interdisciplinary research on pregnancy and child development to facilitate and achieve positive developmental outcomes and maternal mental health.

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Gender of children and social provisions as predictors of unplanned pregnancies in Pakistan: a cross-sectional survey

Cited by 9 publications

References 19 publications

Under-Utilization of Maternal-Child Healthcare Services and Adverse Outcomes of Unwanted Pregnancies in Urban and Rural Areas of Indonesia

Under-Utilization of Maternal-Child Healthcare Services and Adverse Outcomes of Unwanted Pregnancies in Urban and Rural Areas of Indonesia

Individual and collective contribution of antenatal psychosocial distress conditions and preterm birth in Pakistani women

The Impact of Maternal Anxiety on Early Child Development During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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