Gender Nonconformity and Minority Stress Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals: A Meta-Analytic Review

Thoma, Brian C.; Eckstrand, Kristen; Montano, Gerald T.; Rezeppa, Taylor L.; Marshal, Michael P.

doi:10.1177/1745691620968766

Cited by 48 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 130 publications

(178 reference statements)

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“…Lesbian women face particular discrimination in professions with majority women employees, while gay men face particular discrimination in professions with majority men employees (Ahmed et al, 2013;Drydakis, 2015). Furthermore, sexual minority individuals who exhibit higher degrees of gender non-conformity are more likely to have experienced prejudiced events throughout their lifetime (Thoma et al, 2021), and are more likely to be met with more negative attitudes from both heterosexual (Cohen et al, 2009) and homosexual individuals (Salvati et al, 2018). From this research, it is clear that the perceived gender inversion of sexual minority groups has real and negative consequences for the lives of sexual minority individuals, and that sexual minority individuals who are seen as gender non-conforming are particularly subjected to societal discrimination.…”

Section: Suggestions For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereotype Content at the Intersection of Gender and Sexual Orientation

Klysing

Lindqvist²,

Björklund

2021

Front. Psychol.

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According to the Stereotype Content Model (SCM), the content of stereotypes differs on two dimensions: communion and agency. Research shows that for stereotypes about the general gender categories of “women” and “men,” there is an ambivalent pattern of communion and agency, where high levels on one dimension are associated with low levels on the other. For sexual minority stereotypes, a gender inversion has been found, whereas homosexual women are seen as more similar to men in general than to women in general, whereas homosexual men are seen as more similar to women in general than to men in general. However, there is limited research on how stereotype content for general groups relate to stereotype content for subgroups with intersecting category memberships. This research addresses this gap by investigating stereotype content at the intersection of gender and sexual orientation, including stereotype content for general gender groups, heterosexual groups, homosexual groups, and bisexual groups. In Study 1, a community sample from Sweden (N = 824) rated perceived communion and agency for women and men in general, as well as hetero-, homo-, and bisexual women and men. In Study 2, a nationally representative Swedish sample (N = 424) performed the same rating task, and in addition completed Single-Category IATs (SC-IATs) for warmth and competence. Results from both studies show that the stereotype content for the general categories “women” and “men” overlap with the stereotype content for heterosexual same-gender targets. Homosexual and bisexual groups were rated as more similar to their non-congruent gender category than same gender heterosexual categories were, but stereotype content for sexual minority groups did not overlap with either general gender categories, thus showing only incomplete gender inversion of stereotype content. Implicit associations between “women” and “warmth” were significantly stronger than associations between “men” and “warmth.” There were no other significant relations between implicit associations to warmth/competence and gender or sexual orientation. Theoretical and methodological implications for future research into intersectional stereotype content are presented, including how the findings inform the co-dependent relationship between a binary gender structure and a heteronormative ideology.

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Section: Suggestions For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereotype Content at the Intersection of Gender and Sexual Orientation

Klysing

Lindqvist²,

Björklund

2021

Front. Psychol.

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“…Gender expression stigma occurs with the widespread stigmatization of femininity among sexual minority men, rooted in misogyny (Hale & Ojeda, 2018 ; Hammack, 2018 ; Wilson et al, 2010 ). Gender non-conforming sexual minority men experience discrimination not only from the broader society (Thoma et al, 2021 ), but also from other sexual minority men who express contempt and hostility toward effeminate men (Taywaditep, 2002 ). In addition to desiring masculinity in others, sexual minority men also strive to appear masculine to other sexual minority men (e.g., Sánchez & Vilain, 2012 ) and in their performances of gender in relationships (Lu et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“White, Tall, Top, Masculine, Muscular”: Narratives of Intracommunity Stigma in Young Sexual Minority Men’s Experience on Mobile Apps

et al. 2021

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What forms of intracommunity stigma do young sexual minority men narrate as they participate in communities through mobile apps? In a content analysis of 32 interviews with a racially diverse sample of young sexual minority men (ages 19–25; 84.4% non-White) from four regions of the USA, a majority of men (62.5%) spontaneously discussed mobile apps (e.g., Grindr, Scruff) when asked about their experience of community more broadly. Men’s narratives revealed engagement with intracommunity stigma related to body size, race/ethnicity, gender expression, and sexual position (e.g., bottom). Stigma related to HIV status, substance use, and social class were not spontaneously narrated in response to questions about men’s experience in communities. Expressions of stigma were frequently experienced intersectionally, particularly regarding racialized stereotype expectations (e.g., “Asian men are twinks, effeminate”). We discuss the ways in which sexual minority men reproduce dominant ideologies related to racism, misogyny, and masculine body ideals as they engage with one another on mobile apps. To the extent that many young men rely on mobile apps for community connection, their experiences of community might serve to exacerbate, rather than ameliorate, the deleterious impact of stigma.

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“…Further, a sample of gay men agreed with the same histrionic and borderline stereotypes (Boysen et al, 2011). Bias may be particularly salient for SGM individuals, many of whom report gender non-conformity in childhood and experience victimization as a result of heterosexist/cisnormative attitudes (Thoma et al, 2021). SGM individuals might internalize heterosexist/cisnormative and negative self-stereotypes which can be both inherently distressing (Bell & Burkley, 2014;Hatzenbuehler, 2009) and influence self-report of maladaptive traits.…”

Section: Maladaptive Personality Traits Within the Context Of Sgm Min...mentioning

confidence: 91%

Personality Disorders Research and Social Decontextualization: What it Means to be a Minoritized Human

Rodriguez‐Seijas¹,

Rogers²,

Asadi³

2022

Preprint

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Models of personality disorders have overwhelmingly developed in a socially decontextualized manner. Some historical models of personality pathology formally embraced the interactions between the individual and their environment. However, the field of personality disorder theory, research, and treatment has evolved in a manner that situates dysfunction within intra-individual deficiency processes. By doing so the field limits its applicability to populations that do not represent the norm in clinical psychological science (e.g., sexual/gender minority [SGM] persons for our purposes). Assumptions about personality disorders conflict with evidence-based ways of understanding psychosocial dysfunction among minoritized populations. Using research on SGM populations, and the detrimental impact of minority stress, we demonstrate how sociocultural context is inextricably linked to psychosocial functioning, which remains at odds with personality disorder theory and research. We first briefly review the historical roots of personality disorder theory; explore how sociocultural context is currently instantiated in official nosologies as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) and the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM); and illustrate how intra-individual personality disorder conceptualization fails to align with the accepted understanding of how minority stress impacts the health of SGM populations. Finally, we end with a few recommendations for (1) future research on personality disorders and (2) clinical work with SGM individuals who might demonstrate behaviors typically associated with a personality disorder diagnosis.

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Gender Nonconformity and Minority Stress Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals: A Meta-Analytic Review

Cited by 48 publications

References 130 publications

Stereotype Content at the Intersection of Gender and Sexual Orientation

Stereotype Content at the Intersection of Gender and Sexual Orientation

“White, Tall, Top, Masculine, Muscular”: Narratives of Intracommunity Stigma in Young Sexual Minority Men’s Experience on Mobile Apps

Personality Disorders Research and Social Decontextualization: What it Means to be a Minoritized Human

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