I am interested in understanding why resolving the key dilemma of redistribution and recognition of difference has proved to be so difficult. In this article I analyse the history of gender equity reform in relation to difference, with particular emphasis on Indigenous issues, applying recent theoretical understandings about equity and difference. The article documents how discourses of difference were framed and addressed in four major gender equity policy documents produced at the national level in Australia. In particular there is an emphasis on how the redistribution-recognition dilemma is handled in the documents.Despite the considerable attention which has been given to equity and social justice in education over the years, both in theory and in the policy literature, achieving social justice remains an important theme in Australian education. The emphasis given to equity issues by governments may wax and wane according to political priorities, however, the issues remain on policy agendas, albeit precariously. There have been many changes over the years in the approaches to addressing educational inequalities, and in the language used in policy documents. Such changes reflect developments in theory and research; they also reflect new challenges which arise from changing contexts -both local and global. Thus achieving social justice is an on-going project; it is never complete and there are always new and emerging priorities which need to be addressed.My concern in this article is the on going debate about how to balance two key aspects of social justice -redistribution and recognition of difference -in gender equity policy. I focus on difference in relation to gender equity policy because of my own experience and research in this area. The issues discussed in the article are relevant to all of the equity areas, but have been particularly prominent in debates around gender equity policy due to the close relationship between feminist theory and gender equity policy (to be discussed further in the article). As a