Gender Inequity Norms Are Associated with Increased Male-Perpetrated Rape and Sexual Risks for HIV Infection in Botswana and Swaziland

Shannon, Kate; Leiter, Karen; Phaladze, Nthabiseng; Hlanze, Zakhe; Tsai, Alexander C.; Heisler, Michele; Iacopino, Vincent; Weiser, Sheri D.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028739

Cited by 122 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…A similar finding by Shannon et al 20 found that in terms of sexual risk practices in the previous 12 months, about 39% of men reported having multiple concurrent sexual partners in Botswana. Halperin et al 21 commented that "beliefs or norms about masculinity and femininity often encourage men to have multiple partners and women to be passive and ignorant on matters of sexuality and reproduction".…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

A comparison of risky sexual behaviours between circumcised and uncircumcised men aged 30-44 years in Botswana

Balekang¹,

Dintwa²

2016

Afr H. Sci.

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Abstract:Background: The principal mode of HIV transmission in Southern Africa is through sexual intercourse, and this has prompted uptake of safe male circumcision. Engaging in risky sexual behaviour by circumcised men increases the risks of acquiring HIV, though male circumcision coupled with preventive behaviour reduces this risk. Objective: To compare the factors associated with risky sexual behaviour among circumcised and uncircumcised men in Botswana. Methods: Nationally representative data from the Botswana AIDS Impact Survey III were used. A sample of 313 sexually active men was used. The data was analysed by cross-tabulation and logistic regression. Results: The study revealed that uncircumcised men (odds ratio, 5.711) were more likely to have sex while intoxicated with alcohol compared to circumcised men. Low levels of education (odds ratio, 8.736), urban residency (city/town: odds ratio, 1.238 and urban village: odds ratio, 1.098) were more likely to influence risky behaviour (more than one sexual partner) for circumcised men. The results also show that marital status (never married) (odds ratio, 1.947) influences risky behaviour (having sex while intoxicated with alcohol) among uncircumcised men. Conclusion: Low level of education, place of residence and alcohol consumption influences risky sexual behaviour for both circumcised and uncircumcised men. Policies and programmes should thus focus on the attitudes underlying sexual behaviour.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

A comparison of risky sexual behaviours between circumcised and uncircumcised men aged 30-44 years in Botswana

Balekang¹,

Dintwa²

2016

Afr H. Sci.

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“…Childcare is highly gendered labour and widely considered "women's work" (Sepulveda-Carmona, 2013). The significant burden of care, both for children orphaned and parents sick as a result of AIDS that has fallen to older women (grandmothers), has received attention, mainly from the non-governmental sector.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Women have less power to negotiate in sexual relationships, and may risk violence from their intimate partners if they assert agency (Brear & Bessarab, 2012). This gendered imbalance in power is implicated in and demonstrated by women's, and particularly young women's, disproportionate risk of HIV infection (Shannon et al, 2012) (e.g., in females aged 18-24 years it is 26%, compared to 5% for males in the same age group (Bicego et al, 2013)). Women, including young women, perform most of the unpaid care-related labour and may be expected to care for their own or other people's children (Nhleko, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gendered childcare norms — evidence from rural Swaziland to inform innovative structural HIV prevention approaches for young women

Shabangu

Brear

2017

African Journal of AIDS Research

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Addressing discriminatory gender norms is a prerequisite for preventing HIV in women, including young women. However, the gendered expectation that women will perform unpaid childcare-related labour is rarely conceptualised as influencing their HIV risk. Our aim was to learn from members of a rural Swazi community about how gendered childcare norms. We performed sequential, interpretive analysis of focus group discussion and demographic survey data, generated through participatory action research. The results showed that gendered childcare norms were firmly entrenched and intertwined with discriminatory norms regarding sexual behaviour. Participants perceived that caring for children constrained young women's educational opportunities and providing for children's material needs increased their economic requirements. Some young women were perceived to engage in "transactional sex" and depend financially on men, including "sugar daddies", to provide basic necessities like food for the children they cared for. Our results suggested that men were no longer fulfilling their traditional role of caring for children's material needs, despite women's traditional role of caring for their physical and emotional needs remaining firmly entrenched. The results indicate that innovative approaches to prevent HIV in young women should incorporate structural approaches that aim to transform gendered norms, economically empower women and implement policies guaranteeing women equal rights.

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“…This result has confirmed in some studies. 19,20 A case study in 2012 showed that in the families in which the sexual intercourse was dominated by the man, the level of the GI increased. In addition, the possibility of having sexual intercourse with prostitutes increased, and this might lead to increase HIV morbidity in wife.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the possibility of having sexual intercourse with prostitutes increased, and this might lead to increase HIV morbidity in wife. 19 Moreover, a study conducted in high risk area of HIV showed that the most of community believed that women had more vulnerable to being infected with HIV than men. 20 The GI and women inadequate social and economic conditions are considered a major obstacle in countries development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender inequities and HIV prevalence and AIDS mortality: Findings from the United Nation countries

Khammarnia

Hatam

Faraji

2015

SE Asia J. Pub. Health

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In the last years, the prevalence Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) have increased worldwide, specifically in developing countries due to a number of causes. This study aimed was to determination the relationship between gender inequities, HIV prevalence and AIDS mortality in the United Nation countries. A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted in 2013 and all the countries (187 countries) which were included in the WHO and UN Annual Reports (2012) were considered. One hundred and forty four countries were selected which had the completed indices of gender inequities (GI), HIV morbidity and AIDS mortality in the reports. The findings showed that there was direct association between the gender inequities, HIV prevalence and AIDS mortality (p=0.001). The level of GI among low-income countries (0.41) was higher than others groups, and approximately twice as much as that of high-income countries (0.19). It was noted that GI had a significant association with the AIDS mortality in the high-income countries (p=0.031). Moreover, in the upper middle income countries, the both indices (HIV morbidity and AIDS mortality) had significant positive association with the GI (p<0.05). However, the highest level of significant relationship was between being HIV/AIDS mortality and morbidity with the GI in low income countries (p<0.00l). It was observed that GI led to HIV/AIDS mortality and morbidity in all countries specifically in developing countries. Specific strategies should be implemented to decrease the gender inequities by the provision of women education and empowermen and improvement of socio-economic status to reduce HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality.

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Gender Inequity Norms Are Associated with Increased Male-Perpetrated Rape and Sexual Risks for HIV Infection in Botswana and Swaziland

Cited by 122 publications

References 25 publications

A comparison of risky sexual behaviours between circumcised and uncircumcised men aged 30-44 years in Botswana

A comparison of risky sexual behaviours between circumcised and uncircumcised men aged 30-44 years in Botswana

Gendered childcare norms — evidence from rural Swaziland to inform innovative structural HIV prevention approaches for young women

Gender inequities and HIV prevalence and AIDS mortality: Findings from the United Nation countries

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