Gender Inequality in Career Advancement for Females in Japanese Academic Surgery

Okoshi, Kae; Nomura, Kyoko; Fukami, Kayo; Tomizawa, Yasuko; Kobayashi, Katsutoshi; Kinoshita, Koichi; Sakai, Yoshiharu

doi:10.1620/tjem.234.221

Cited by 37 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…[610] Okoshi et al . (2014) noted that the number of women in medicine in Japan had increased from 10.6% in 1986 to 19.7% in 2012, but they were underrepresented regarding academic appointments, particularly in surgery [Table 2].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2014) noted that the number of women in medicine in Japan had increased from 10.6% in 1986 to 19.7% in 2012, but they were underrepresented regarding academic appointments, particularly in surgery [Table 2]. [6] Furthermore, a review of data from Kyoto University Hospital (KYU) (2009–2013), revealed there were no female associate or full professors in surgery. Wilkes et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Discrimination against female surgeons is still alive: Where are the full professorships and chairs of departments?

Epstein¹

2017

Surg Neurol Int

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Background:Although half of all medical students are now and women are increasingly filling surgical residency positions, few ascend the academic ladder to become chairman of their departments, much less full academic professors.Methods:We queried PubMed to search for the number of women surgeons in different subspecialties, and asked how many were chairman or full academic professors?Results:Data coming out of largely general or cardiothoracic surgery departments cited no substantial gains for women surgeons over the years; there were few chairmanships or full professorships. In one study of 54 female cardiothoracic surgeons, 60% of academic appointments were at the instructor or assistant professor level; only 18% were full professors. In another study looking at 12-year data from major academic medical institutions in the US, women constituted only 9.2% of chairs, only 14.7% of full professors, and just 9.3% of deans. In a third study, out of 270 female general surgeons, there were only three who were chairman, and just 12.4% were tenured professors. In Great Britain/Ireland, of 315 neurosurgeons (25 females), all 16 full professors were males. Two medical/surgical series speculated it would take until 2096 or 2136 for females to attain 50% of full professorships. The American Association of Neurological Surgery (U.S. 2017; personal communication) showed that of 287 Board-certified female neurosurgeons, there is just one female surgeons chairman.Conclusions:Few female physicians/surgeons were chairs of departments or full professors at their academic institutions. Do women in medicine/surgery really need to wait until 2136 to achieve equality?

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination against female surgeons is still alive: Where are the full professorships and chairs of departments?

Epstein¹

2017

Surg Neurol Int

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“…A rising number of female medical students, approaching nearly gender parity, in the entering classes of US medical schools confirm this trend [11,27]. Also in other countries is the number of female medical students steadily rising [28]. But surprisingly, surgery, especially academic surgery, and it subspecialties are still dealing with a paucity of female applicants, demonstrated by poor numbers of female surgical trainees over the last decades [27,[29][30][31].…”

Section: Demands/requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leadership in the 21st century

Kron¹,

Linecker²,

Graf³

et al. 2016

Eur Surg

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Background Leadership is considered important in academic health care systems and the demands on individual leaders are growing. Most often, leadership styles are self-taught by observation and practice. In the past, leadership was primarily defined by the tripod: research, patient care, and education. Beside the three traditional, tasks there is a business-oriented trend in health care, demanding an extreme diversity of abilities, e. g., skills in financial management, communication skills, conflict solving skills, networking, and rewarding skills. Integrating all these aspects to define the profile of a future chairperson has not been possible in the field of academic medicine. Methods A literature search for leadership in academic medicine was performed. In addition, the contributions to the conference "Chair4Medicine" were evaluated. Results Despite growing requirements for a leadership position, one essential property stayed the same over the years: a leader has to educate the next generation of surgeons and be a good motivator and inspiring teacher. Concerning education, surgery is facing a dilemma, displayed by a continuing decrease of applicants in surgical disciplines over the last years. Ten to 15 years ago, the number of applications for a surgical residency position was larger than the positions available. Today, this situation is clearly reversed, as indicated by a noticeable deficit in recruits. The decision to become a surgeon has become more and more unpopular. Reasons for this development are manifold, but often-mentioned causes are a lack of work-life balance, and a chaotic and non-inspiring training process combined with non-attractive leadership styles. Conclusions There is a need for defining objective criteria to identify a future chair in an academic medical center. If the ongoing trend of decreased applications in general surgery continues, we will face a lack of top-motivated surgeons in the close future. More than ever, leadership styles and centers have to rethink their way of teaching and define a new way of being "attractive" for young surgical residents to guarantee the succession of the next generation. Educational opportunities, a clearly structured curriculum, and a productive environment are assumed crucial prerequisites for the next generation. Objective guidelines and instruments for the improvement of education should be developed and implemented.

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“…T he representation of women in the workplace has been the focus of discussion worldwide. [1][2][3][4] Japan is known for its devastatingly low female representation in employment by industries among the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member nations. Further, Japan had the lowest female proportion of seats on the boards of the largest publicly listed companies in 2015 (i.e., only 3%).…”

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confidence: 99%

Women among First Authors in Japanese Cardiovascular Journal

et al. 2018

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The representation of women in Japanese academic medicine is not evident. We aimed to assess trends related to the proportion of female first authors in Japanese cardiovascular journals.We reviewed original research articles in 6 journals published in English by Japanese societies between 2006 and 2015 related to cardiovascular fields. We conducted a multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess the factors associated with the gender of first authors and plotted the trend of predicted probability for female first authors over the study period. Of 7,005 original articles, 1,330 (19.0%) had female first authors. Affiliations located in Japan (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71-0.81), concurrent first and corresponding authors (aOR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.64-0.74), and the total number of listed authors (aOR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.99) were negatively associated with female first authors. The adjusted probability of a female first author increased from 13% to 20% on an average between 2006 and 2009, but the increase reached a plateau after 2010.Female first authors of original research articles published in Japanese cardiovascular journals increased over the examined decade. However, the representation of women is still low and has plateaued in recent years. A gender gap in authorship for Japanese cardiovascular journals remains.

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Gender Inequality in Career Advancement for Females in Japanese Academic Surgery

Cited by 37 publications

References 22 publications

Discrimination against female surgeons is still alive: Where are the full professorships and chairs of departments?

Discrimination against female surgeons is still alive: Where are the full professorships and chairs of departments?

Leadership in the 21st century

Women among First Authors in Japanese Cardiovascular Journal

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