Gender Inequality and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Borrescio-Higa, Florencia; Valenzuela, Patricio

doi:10.3389/ijph.2021.1604220

Cited by 39 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Many of these countries are characterized by high levels of economic and health inequality, fragile health systems, and high levels of informality and economic fragility [ 44 ]. In particular, these features where exacerbated in Chile since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, as transmission and mortality rates were found to be related to socioeconomic characteristics [ 45 ], there is gender inequality in mental health deterioration and psychological well-being [ 46 ], psychological distress is linked to measures of economic uncertainty [ 47 ], and increases in food insecurity [ 48 ] and domestic violence [ 49 ] were reported. In our study we dive deeper into economic vulnerability and several financial problems arising from different household expenditures and household debt, which were previously unexplored in this context.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our sample covers a higher proportion of professionals and men, and therefore results cannot be extrapolated to the entire population. However, we expect the segments of the population analyzed to be less financially constrained [ 46 ]; if this is the case our estimates should be biased towards zero, and are therefore conservative estimates of the overall relationship between financial fragility and mental health. At the time of our study no nationally-representative surveys from the government or other institutions allowed to explore the link between financial fragility and mental health during the pandemic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Financial Distress and Psychological Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Borrescio-Higa

Droller²,

Valenzuela

2022

Int J Public Health

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Objective: We examine the impact of financial distress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and psychological well-being.Methods: We analyze cross-sectional survey data (n = 2,545) from the Life during Pandemic study in Chile. We estimate linear probability models to analyze the relationship between economic fragility, financial distress, and psychological well-being.Results: Our findings show unemployment and income loss are highly predictive of experiencing a range of financial problems, such as a lack of savings, as well as difficulties paying bills, consumer debt, and mortgage loans. In turn, financial distress leads to a higher prevalence of poor well-being and mental health deterioration, and sleep problems.Conclusion: Expansion of mental health assistance services are needed, as new diagnosis of mental health conditions has increased, but treatment has not, pointing to a barrier in the access to some mental health care services during the pandemic. Policies designed with the objective of improving financial education are necessary to increase precautionary savings and financial resilience, and alleviate the psychological burden of debt in the future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Financial Distress and Psychological Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Borrescio-Higa

Droller²,

Valenzuela

2022

Int J Public Health

Self Cite

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“…The COVID 19 pandemic is an event with a great impact on the entire population worldwide; Various sectors of the economic, political and social world have been affected as a direct consequence of the situation. From the health sector, it is essential to report on the emerging phenomena during the global emergency, as well as the dynamics that are being created around, in this case, mental health [8,9]. COVID-19 has affected specific population groups in one way or another; health workers, children, young people, older adults and people with pre-existing health conditions, people in humanitarian settings and situations of conflict, where the problems studied were loneliness, nervousness, agitation, irritability and difficulty concentrating.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

"COVID-19 and Mental Health, What Has Been the Impact?"

Esteban

2022

OAJBS

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The COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent orders issued to prevent its spread can cause the appearance of mental health symptoms, both of the people who have been infected with the virus, as well as of the rest of the population that has been affected by the uncertainty associated with a pandemic and by the indirect effects on mental health, associated with loneliness, lack of social interactions, anxiety, depression, overwhelm, among others, giving figures that confirm it in older people and people with chronic diseases; children and adolescents; people who are helping with the response, such as doctors and other health care providers; and people who have mental health problems. In this way, people in social isolation, with restricted mobility and with little contact with those around them are more vulnerable to suffering from psychiatric complications, which range from isolated symptoms to the development of a mental disorder, such as insomnia, anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. The mental health and well-being of entire societies have been seriously affected by this crisis and it is a priority to address these two elements urgently. However, people caught up in fragile humanitarian settings or conflict situations risk having their mental health totally overlooked.

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“…It is known that there are sex differences in the neurobiological mechanisms involved in stress, anxiety and affective disorders, where females have an increased risk of presenting these symptoms ( 71 , 72 ). Furthermore, a study in the general population in Chile found that females were more likely to have a new mental health disorder during the pandemic than males ( 73 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental Health and Related Factors Among Undergraduate Students During SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

Valdés

Díaz²,

Christiansen³

et al. 2022

Front. Psychiatry

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BackgroundMental health problems among undergraduates are a significant public health concern. Most studies exploring mental health in this population during the pandemic have been conducted in high-income countries. Fewer studies come from Latin American countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, and suicide risk, and explore the association with several relevant variables in personal, family, university, and SARS-CoV-2 pandemic domains.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Chile in a medium-size private University. Outcome variables were explored with valid instruments: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). Independent variables from personal (e.g., sex, age, sexual orientation, history of mental health problems, substance use), family (e.g., parental educational background, family history of mental health problems, family functioning), university (e.g., course year, financial support, psychological sense of university belonging, history of failing subjects) and SARS-CoV-2 domains (e.g., history of personal and family contagion, fear of contracting SARS-CoV-2, frequency of physical activity, keeping routines and social contact). Multivariable logistic regression models were conducted for each outcome, after univariable and domain-specific multivariable models. The significant variable at each step was selected if the p-value was ≤ 0.05.ResultsA total of 5,037 students answered the survey—the global response rate of 63.5%. Most of the students were females (70.4%) and freshmen students (25.2%). The prevalence of mental health problems was high: depression (37.1%), anxiety (37.9%), and stress (54.6%). Insomnia was reported in 32.5% of students, and suicide risk in 20.4% of students. The associated variables at personal domain were history of mental health problems, substance use, and sexual orientation; at family domain, family functioning and family history of mental health problems; at university domain, violence victimization and sense of belonging; and in SARS-CoV-2 domain, having a daily routine and fear to contracting SARS-CoV-2 by students themselves or others.ConclusionsThe prevalence of mental health problems is high among undergraduate students and some of the associated factors, such as victimization and a sense of belonging can be used in preventive interventions.

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Gender Inequality and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Cited by 39 publications

References 20 publications

Financial Distress and Psychological Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Financial Distress and Psychological Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic

"COVID-19 and Mental Health, What Has Been the Impact?"

Mental Health and Related Factors Among Undergraduate Students During SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

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