The paper highlights the relative neglect by educational planners of a sociocullural analysis of the context surrounding the implementation of educational reforms designed to promote rural development in Third World countries. An examination of the sociological and anthropological literature pertaining to both village culture and rural development in Papua New Guinea suggests that there are powerful cultural constraints on schools leavers applying practical skills learned in school on their return to the village. These are exemplified by a discussion of the role of sorcery, the subordinate position of youth, and the divergence between planners' and villagers' priorities, and are illustrated with reference to the Secondary Schools Community Extension Project (SSCEP).