Gender Identity in Autism: Sex Differences in Social Affiliation with Gender Groups

Cooper, Kate; Smith, Laura G. E.; Russell, Ailsa

doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3590-1

Cited by 87 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…In our study a significant part of subjects in Samples 2 and 3 indicated their gender as 'other' or non-binary (total n =36). The non-binary participants scored significantly higher than the males and females; this also corresponds to the prior findings in other national samples [38][39][40] The RAADS-14 Rus and the Big Five personality model…”

Section: Age and Gender Differencessupporting

confidence: 89%

Psychometric properties and the factor structure of the Russian version of the RAADS-14: a self-report questionnaire for autism screening

Skorokhodov¹,

Vergeles²,

Skorokhodova³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The general aim of our research was to construct and validate a Russian version of the RAADS-14 (the RAADS-14 Rus), a short self-report questionnaire designed for ASD screening, to provide the initial reference point in developing the body of instruments for assessing autistic traits in Russian-speaking adult population. This measure was chosen due to its good psychometric characteristics, reported ability to provide initial assessment for differential diagnosis, and simplicity of use. The data were collected for the total of 1569 adults, including groups of non-psychiatrical controls (n=849), adults with self-diagnosed ASD (n=91), and adults with clinically established ASD (n=25). The RAADS-14 Rus is characterized by good reliability and satisfactory construct and discriminative validity. The factor structure of the RAADS-14 Rus is similar to the factor structure of the original version and includes three domains: Social mentalizing, Social anxiety, and Sensory and cognitive perception, the between-factor correlations varying from .25 to .51. According to the initial assessment, the discriminative properties are also good (AUC = .88). The mean values of the RAADS-14 total scores for the non-psychiatrical population were notably higher than the original RAADS-14 total scores (median = 13 compared to 3) confirming prior anecdotal evidences of greater mean scores yielded by international ASD assessment tools on Russian-speaking populations. The correlations of the RAADS-14 Rus total score with the Big Five personality trait scores were similar to the data previously obtained for other national samples.The results of the study indicate that RAADS-14 Rus is a promising tool for ASD screening and can become one of the first stepping-stones in establishing a comprehensive system of ASD assessment and diagnostics for adult Russian-speaking population.

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Section: Age and Gender Differencessupporting

confidence: 89%

Psychometric properties and the factor structure of the Russian version of the RAADS-14: a self-report questionnaire for autism screening

Skorokhodov¹,

Vergeles²,

Skorokhodova³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Participants recruited from SPARK (n = 881, age = 30.94±7.10 years) were predominantly White (78.7%), female (52.8%), and college-educated (71.6% with at least some college). A sizable portion of this sample (9.2%) also identified as a non-binary gender, reflecting the known increase in gender variance seen in individuals with ASD (Cooper et al, 2018). Eighty-two percent of the SPARK sample reported at least one current professionally diagnosed psychiatric condition other than ASD (i.e., they had experienced symptoms of the condition within the last three months or were receiving ongoing treatment for that condition), with a median of 2 current comorbidities (IQR = [1, 4]).…”

Section: Demographicsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Measuring Depression in Autistic Adults: Psychometric Validation of the Beck Depression Inventory–II

2020

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Depressive disorders are common in autistic adults, but few studies have examined the extent to which common depression questionnaires are psychometrically appropriate for use in this population. Using item response theory, this study examined the psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI-II) in a sample of 947 autistic adults. BDI-II latent trait scores exhibited strong reliability, construct validity, and moderate ability to discriminate between depressed and nondepressed adults on the autism spectrum (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.796 [0.763, 0.826], sensitivity = 0.820 [0.785, 0.852], specificity = 0.653 [0.601, 0.699]). These results collectively indicate that the BDI-II is a valid measure of depressive symptoms in autistic adults, appropriate for quantifying depression severity in research studies or screening for depressive disorders in clinical settings. A free online score calculator has been created to facilitate the use of BDI-II latent trait scores for clinical and research applications (available at https://asdmeasures.shinyapps.io/bdi_score/ ).

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“…Secondly, most research into gender and camouflaging has used a binary approach to gender, comparing the experiences and behaviours of males and females. While this is of relevance to the concept of a female autism phenotype, in contrast to the often male-biased diagnostic criteria and assessment tools, this approach ignores the substantial minority of autistic individuals who report a non-binary or fluid gender identity (Cooper et al 2018;Dewinter et al 2017). It also raises issues regarding the appropriateness of male and female norms for transgender autistic individuals, who may have experiences of living and interacting as different genders in different stages of life (Strang et al 2018).…”

Section: Future Directions For Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review

Hull

Petrides

Mandy

2020

Rev J Autism Dev Disord

280

261

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Autism is more commonly diagnosed in males than females. One explanation is the 'female protective effect': there is something inherent in being female which reduces the likelihood of developing autism. However, evidence suggests that the condition is underdiagnosed in females, perhaps because females express their autism in ways which do not meet current diagnostic criteria. This review explores evidence for a female-typical autism presentation, the Female Autism Phenotype (FAP) and the component of camouflaging (compensating for and masking autistic characteristics) in particular. The evidence so far supports the existence of a female-typical autism presentation, although further examination of the characteristics and their impact across all genders and ages is needed.

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Gender Identity in Autism: Sex Differences in Social Affiliation with Gender Groups

Cited by 87 publications

References 57 publications

Psychometric properties and the factor structure of the Russian version of the RAADS-14: a self-report questionnaire for autism screening

Psychometric properties and the factor structure of the Russian version of the RAADS-14: a self-report questionnaire for autism screening

Measuring Depression in Autistic Adults: Psychometric Validation of the Beck Depression Inventory–II

The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review

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