Gender identity disorder and anorexia nervosa in male monozygotic twins

Abstract

GID in childhood could be at least partly hereditary, whereas the development of the later phenotype of the gender identification is more determined by environmental factors. GID might be a risk factor for the development of AN.

Effects of treating gender dysphoria and anorexia nervosa in a transgender adolescent: Lessons learned

“…Gender Expression: External characteristics and behaviors socially defined as masculine, feminine, or neutral. [6][7][8][9][10][11] These findings align with questionnaire-based studies in patients with gender dysphoria that identify a higher degree of body shape concerns among both FtM and MtF patients compared with controls. Cisgender: An individual whose gender identity matches the social expectations for his or her sex assigned at birth.…”

“…A majority of these cases, however, focus on male-to-female (MtF) patients and the drive to appear more feminine, [5][6][7][8][9] often drawing parallels to cisgender females with eating disorders. A majority of these cases, however, focus on male-to-female (MtF) patients and the drive to appear more feminine, [5][6][7][8][9] often drawing parallels to cisgender females with eating disorders.…”

The Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults

“…For example, it can be used in outcome studies of adults with various physical intersex conditions as a dimensional measure of gender dysphoria. It might also be used in populations of patients with gender identity conflict and specific comorbid psychiatric conditions, such as Asperger's disorder (e.g., Gallucci, Hackerman, & Schmidt, 2005;Kraemer, Delsignore, Gundelfinger, Schnyder, & Hepp, 2005) or eating disorders (e.g., Hepp & Milos, 2002;Hepp, Milos, & Braun-Scharm, 2004;Winston, Acharya, Chaudhuri, & Fellowes, 2004), in order to assess the degree to which such patients report gender dysphoria at a level commensurate with patients referred to specialized hospital-or university-based gender identity clinics that are operative in many countries throughout North America, Central America, South America, Europe, and Asia. Because there is some evidence that adult patients who have required either gynecologic or urologic surgery because of disease states, and in whom there is an indication that this affects their sense of self as women or men (see, e.g., Elson, 2000;Kitzinger & Willmott, 2002), the GIDYQ-AA may be a useful instrument to appraise current feelings of gender identity confusion or dysphoria.…”

Familiality of Gender Identity Disorder in Non-Twin Siblings

“…Nevertheless, because the prevalence of transsexualism is low (Michel, Mormont, & Legros, 2001), these studies are scarce and are based mainly on twin case reports. In MF transsexualism, there are reports of six monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs concordant for transsexualism (Anchersen, 1956;Gooren, Frantz, Eriksson, & Rao, 1989;Green, 2000;Hyde & Kenna, 1977;Tsur, Borenstein, & Seidman, 1991;Zucker & Bradley, 1995), five MZ twin pairs discordant for transsexualism (Gooren et al, 1989;Green & Stoller, 1971;Hepp, Milos, & Braun-Sharm, 2004;Zucker & Bradley, 1995), and one report of two dizygotic (DZ) transsexual male triplets with a nontranssexual female co-triplet (McKee, Roback, & Hollender, 1976). In FM transsexual twins, one concordant (Sadeghi & Fakhrai, 2000) and four discordant MZ pairs (Garden & Rothery, 1992;Green & Stoller, 1971;Segal, 2006) have been reported.…”