Gender Identification by Fingerprint Pattern and Salivary Blood Group Antigen Expression: A Forensic Approach

Abstract

Introduction Fingerprints found at the crime scene are important and valuable evidence, as they are unique to every individual. Determining the blood group from the blood samples obtained at the site of the crime helps in identifying a person. However, where blood stains are not available, saliva obtained at the crime site can be used to identify the victim. Since fingerprint patterns and blood groups are unique to every individual and remain unchanged throughout life, the correlation between dermatoglyphics and blood groups can be of use in victim identification. Objectives The present study is conducted with the objective of finding out if there is any association between the distribution of fingerprint patterns and blood groups and if this association is of use in gender identification. Materials and method Fingerprint patterns were determined in 200 (females: n = 152, males: n = 48) dental undergraduate students in the age range of 18 to 24 years. ABO blood grouping was done on saliva by using the absorption-elution method. To determine the accuracy of ABO blood group determination using saliva, it was correlated with the ABO blood grouping in blood. Observations and result The most common fingerprint pattern was found to be loops (87, 43.50%), followed by whorls (81, 40.50%) and arches (32, 16.00%). The most common blood group was B (68, 34%), followed by O (46, 23%) and A (42, 21%), and the least common was AB (12, 6%). A higher percentage of secretors in saliva was observed in females (130, 86%) than males (38, 79%). The correlation of gender with blood group and fingerprint pattern showed that in males, the most common blood group was B (20, 42%), and the most common fingerprint pattern was whorls (21, 44%). In females, the most common blood group was B (48, 32%), while the most common fingerprint pattern was loop (68, 45%). Conclusion Present study reports an association between blood group and dermatoglyphics, which may help in gender identification. Saliva can be used as a helpful tool in victim identification in cases where blood stains are not available.