Gender gaps in cognitive and noncognitive skills among adolescents in India

Birth Order Effects in the Developed and Developing World: Evidence from International Test Scores

“…Lafortune and Lee (2014) find that, among credit-constrained families, birth order and family size are positively correlated with schooling in the US, Mexico, and South Korea, but the effects are not present among families with large assets. Finally, Hervé et al (2022) find insignificant birth order effects on reading and mathematics test scores of children between the ages of 8 and 14 years in two Indian districts (Palghar and Kurnool).…”

Son preference and education Inequalities in India: the role of gender-biased fertility strategies and preferential treatment of boys

“…This is apparent not least in the country's skewed sex ratios and the large number of missing girls and women (Sen 1992;Clark 2000;Klasen & Wink 2002;Jha et al 2006;Anderson & Ray 2010;Jayachandran 2017;Milazzo 2018). Studies have also documented unequal health investments between girls/women and boys/men (Arnold et al 1998;Mishra et al 2004;Jayachandran & Kuziemko 2011;Dercon & Singh 2013;Barcellos et al 2014), as well as gender gaps in education within families (Kingdon, 2005;Azam and Kingdon 2013;Kaul 2018;Hervé et al 2022).…”

“…Education investment and outcomes have received less attention. While there are papers documenting gender gaps (Kingdon, 2005;Azam and Kingdon 2013;Kaul 2018, Hervé et al 2022), these typically do not explain the connection to son preference and gender-biased fertility strategies. The seminal paper by Jensen (2003) shows how gender-specific fertility stopping leads to girls living in larger families than boys, and how this can create inequalities in education investment even if girls and boys were treated equally within families.…”