Gender, ethnic, and body type biases: The generality of prejudice in childhood.

Powlishta, Kimberly K.; Serbin, Lisa A.; Doyle, Anna-Beth; White, Donna R.

doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.4.526

Cited by 144 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…However, in addition, and unlike the previous studies by Doyle et al (1988), Powlishta et al (1994), Doyle and Aboud (1995), and Barrett et al (1999a), the present study also measured the strength of identification with the ingroup. Previous research with both adults and children has revealed that attitudes to ingroups and outgroups can be a product of many different factors, including the strength of subjective identification with the ingroup, the individual's beliefs about the nature of the prevailing group boundaries, and about the relative status of the ingroup (e.g.…”

Section: National Identifications and Attitudes To National Ingroups mentioning

confidence: 44%

“…The cognitive-developmental prediction On the basis of previous findings by Doyle et al (1988), Powlishta et al (1994), Doyle and Aboud (1995) and Barrett et al (1999a), it had also been predicted that there would be a reduction in ingroup bias between 6 and 12 years of age. However, the overall picture which emerged from this study is that the children at all four ages exhibited remarkably similar patterns of response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been argued that negativity towards ethnic outgroups in such children peaks at about 6 years of age, and declines between 6 and 12 years of age (Aboud, 1988;Bigler & Liben, 1993;Davey 1983;Katz & Zalk, 1978;Vaughan, 1964;Williams & Morland, 1976). Investigating this trend in the development of ethnic attitudes using an adjective attribution task, Doyle, Beaudet, and Aboud (1988), Powlishta, Serbin, Doyle, and White (1994) and Doyle and Aboud (1995) found that, at the age of 5 or 6, children attribute mainly positive adjectives to members of their own ethnic group, and mainly negative adjectives to members of other ethnic groups. Between 6 and 12 years of age, this polarisation in the attribution of adjectives decreases, as children gradually come to attribute both positive and negative attributes to both the ethnic ingroup and outgroups.…”

Section: National Identifications and Attitudes To National Ingroups mentioning

confidence: 99%

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National identifications and attitudes to national ingroups and outgroups amongst children living in the Basque country

Reizábal

Valencia

Barrett

2003

Infant and Child Development

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This study investigated the development of national identification in children growing up in the Basque Country. The sample consisted of 246 children aged 6, 9, 12 and 15 years old who belonged to three linguistic subgroups: children who spoke only Basque with their parents in their home, children who spoke only Spanish in their home, and children who spoke both Basque and Spanish in their home. It was found that national identifications differed in the three linguistic subgroups. Furthermore, the three subgroups exhibited different evaluations of, and feelings towards, the national ingroup and a number of national outgroups. The positive and affective distinctiveness ascribed to the Basque and Spanish national groups was correlated with the strength of identification with the Basque and Spanish groups, respectively. The attitudes towards national outgroups which were exhibited by these children did not show any changes as a function of age. It is argued that the cognitive‐developmental account of the development of national attitudes is unable to explain the patterns of findings which were obtained, but that social identity theory can explain the correlation between the strength of national identification and the positive and affective distinctiveness which was ascribed to the ingroup. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: National Identifications and Attitudes To National Ingroups mentioning

confidence: 44%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: National Identifications and Attitudes To National Ingroups mentioning

confidence: 99%

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National identifications and attitudes to national ingroups and outgroups amongst children living in the Basque country

Reizábal

Valencia

Barrett

2003

Infant and Child Development

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“…Therefore, even the 6-to 7-year-old children may have shown the PNAE. Alternatively, in relation to gender intergroup attitudes there is some evidence that the differential allocation of negative outcomes is partly tolerated amongst children (e.g., Powlishta, Serbin, Doyle, & White, 1994;Yee & Brown, 1994). Therefore, in this context, the PNAE may not be evident in middle childhood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the positive–negative asymmetry effect: in‐group exclusion norm as a mediator of children's evaluations on negative attributes

Rutland

Brown

Cameron

et al. 2006

Euro J Social Psych

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(2007) Development of the positive-negative asymmetry effect: In-group exclusion norm as a mediator of children's evaluations on negative attributes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37 (1). pp. [171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188][189][190] According to social identity theory (SIT: Tajfel & Turner, 1986) intergroup bias is achieved as a result of individual's striving for positive social distinctiveness, in the context of some in-group identification and the salience of an in-group versus out-group categorization. In this account positive distinctiveness can be created independently of the valence of the attributes to be assigned. Recent research has shown that us-them categorization results in less social discrimination when negative rather than positive attributes are allocated between groups (Blanz, Mummendey, & Otten, 1995;Buhl, 1999;Gardham & Brown, 2001;Otten, Mummendey, & Blanz, 1996). This phenomenon has been termed the 'positive-negative asymmetry effect' (PNAE: Mummendey et al., 1992). Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 37, 171-190 (2007) European Journal of Social Psychology Received 15 December 2004 Accepted 16 January 2006The present research examined when and why children might show intergroup bias on positive, but not negative, valence attributions. Significantly, development of the PNAE has been relatively ignored in previous research on children's intergroup attitudes. The findings of a few studies suggest children are sometimes more willing to differentiate between groups on positive attributes and much less reliably show intergroup discrimination on negative attributes (Bennett et al

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“…The final sample included 64 males and 41 females with average age at 10.88. Given that some previous researches has demonstrated that age would moderate the obesity discrimination (Latner, Stunkard, & Wilson, 2005;Powlishta, Serbin, Doyle, & White, 1994), we divided the participants into three age groups, leading to 56 (53.3%) falling in 9-10 years old, 31 (29.5%) falling in 11-12 years old and 18 (17.1%) falling in 13-14 years old.…”

Section: Experiments Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Examination of the Mere Proximity Effect of Obesity Discrimination in Children in Chinese Culture

Ai¹,

Yin²,

Tang³

et al. 2014

JPR

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This study investigated the mere proximity effect of obesity discrimination in children in Chinese culture. One hundred and thirty children between 9 and 14 years old were asked to indicate how much they would like or to be friends with a target character, who was either male or female and average-weight or overweight. The target character was presented with four other background characters of the same gender, whom were either average-weight or overweight. The findings demonstrated that female targets were preferred less when presented with overweight background characters than when presented with average-weight background characters. However, male targets were preferred more when presented with overweight background characters than when presented with average-weight background characters. The findings indicated an anti-fat mere proximity effect in female children but a contrary effect in male children in Chinese culture. These findings may have implications for a better understanding of weight bias from a cultural perspective.Keywords: obesity discrimination, mere proximity effect, children, Chinese culture Introduction  Social stigma towards obese youths is pervasive and can have serious consequences for both emotional and physical health of these obese children and adolescents (e.g., Puhl & Latner, 2007). Some research has shown that the stigmatization of obesity would generalize to those who have, or not have, a relationship with a stigmatized individual (Hebl & Mannix, 2003;Neuberg, Smith, Hoffman, & Russell, 1994;Penny & Haddock, 2007a, 2007b). An interesting study by Hebl and Mannix (2003) revealed that an average-weight male job applicant was assessed negatively when he was perceived as sitting next to an overweight female stranger, as much as he was perceived as sitting next to his overweight girlfriend. The phenomenon that obesity stigma would generalize to average-weight individuals who was proximity to the obese individual was termed the mere proximity effect (Hebl & Mannix, 2003).Given that close proximity is very important in children socialization and forming friends, Penny and Haddock (2007a) examined whether the mere proximity effect of obesity would occur in children. In their study, a target character who was either male or female and either average-weight or overweight with four other background characters of the same gender, all of whom were either average-weight or overweight, was presented to 5-10 years old children. The participants were asked to indicate whether they would like to be friends with a target character. The results showed that overall, overweight targets were liked significantly less than average-weight targets, and in line with the mere proximity effect that average-weight female targets were liked significantly less when they were presented with overweight background characters. Hence, mere proximity effect was obtained among 5-10 years old children. Culture is known to be an interesting and important factor that may impact obesity stigma. Latner, Stunkard, and Wilson (20...

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Gender, ethnic, and body type biases: The generality of prejudice in childhood.

Cited by 144 publications

References 68 publications

National identifications and attitudes to national ingroups and outgroups amongst children living in the Basque country

National identifications and attitudes to national ingroups and outgroups amongst children living in the Basque country

Development of the positive–negative asymmetry effect: in‐group exclusion norm as a mediator of children's evaluations on negative attributes

An Examination of the Mere Proximity Effect of Obesity Discrimination in Children in Chinese Culture

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