Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues.

Abstract

This article summarizes results of 7S studies that reported accuracy for males and females at decoding nonverbal communication. The following attributes of the studies were coded: year, sample size, age of judges, sex of stimulus person(s), age of stimulus person(s), and the medium and channel of communication (e.g., photos of facial expressions, filtered speech). These attributes were examined in relation to three outcome indices: direction of effect, effect size (in SD units), and significance level. Results showed that more studies showed female advantage than would occur by chance, the average effect was of moderate magnitude and was significantly larger than zero, and more studies reached a conventional level of significance than would be expected by chance. The gender effect for visual-plus-auditory studies was significantly larger than for visual-only and auditory-only studies. The magnitude of the gender effect did not vary reliably with sample size, age of judges, sex of stimulus person(s), or age of stimulus person(s).

Gender differences in the neural network of facial mimicry of smiles – An rTMS study

“…Important gender differences exist in the production, perception, and regulation of facial expression. Women are more emotionally expressive and more empathic than men (Eisenberg & Lennon, 1983;Kring & Gordon, 1998); more accurate and/or efficient in processing facial expressions of emotion (Hall, 1978;Hall & Matsumoto, 2004;Hoffmann, Kessler, Eppel, Rukavina, & Traue, 2010); show more facial mimicry than men (Dimberg & Lundquist, 1990); and are more susceptible to emotional contagion, as revealed both in self-report and dyadic interaction (Doherty, Orimoto, Singelis, Hatfield, & Hebb, 1995). Gender differences have also been found in the effects of pacifier use during infancy, which arguably blocks facial mimicry, on facial mimicry recorded at age seven.…”

How is My Partner Feeling in Different Daily-Life Settings? Accuracy of Spouses' Judgements about Their Partner's Feelings at Work and at Home

“…In fact, a meta-analysis (Hall, 1978) and a series of later studies found that women were consistently more accurate than men when decoding non-verbal behavior, except for the decoding of anger (Brody and Hall, 2000). These effects were small to moderate.…”

Research on audio-tutorial instruction: A meta-analysis of comparative studies

“…In the years since then, a number of other researchers have used his method to synthesize results of psychological and social research. Recent reports of the use of meta-analysis examined effects in the following areas: elementary school science curricula (Bredderman, 1979); class size and achievement (Glass & Smith, 1978); home and school environment and school learning (Haertel & Walberg, 1979;Iverson & Walberg, 1979;Uguroglu & Walberg, 1979); gender differences in nonverbal communication (Hall, 1978); individualized instruction in mathematics (Hartley, 1977); television and social behavior (Hearold, 1979); personalized and computer-based college teaching (Kulik, Kulik, & Cohen, 1979a, 1979b; advance organizers (Luiten, Ames, & Ackerson, 1979); drug therapy for psychological disorders (Miller, 1979); open vs. traditional education (Peterson, 1979); experimenter effects (Rosenthal, 1976); and socioeconomic status and academic achievement (White, 1979).…”

“…Cohen first introduced these "pure" measures of effect size about a decade ago, and since then they have become a basic tool in meta-analysis. In their analyses of interpersonal perception, for example, Rosenthal (1976) and Hall (1978) used Cohen's statistic d, defined as the difference between the means of the two groups being compared divided by the standard deviation common to the two populations. In their meta-analysis of outcomes of psychotherapy, Smith and Glass (1977) used a similar statistic, ES, the difference between experimental and control groups divided by the standard deviation of the control group.…”