Gender dysphoria, gender incongruence and gender nonconformity in adolescence – changes and challenges in diagnosis

Dora, Marta; Grabski, Bartosz; Dobroczyński, Bartłomiej

doi:10.12740/pp/onlinefirst/113009

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The boy/girl ratio in referrals to our clinic was 5.66. In a crossnatural cross-cultural comparative analysis by Cohen Kettenis symptoms (26,37,39,40). In Turkey, social intolerance for cross-gender behaviors might be greater compared to western societies where these studies on the psychological well-being of children and adolescents with GD are conducted (10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cinsiyet Hoşnutsuzluğu Belirtileri Gösteren Çocuklarda Demografik ve Klinik Özellikler: Bir Türkiye Örneklemi

GÜNEŞ

Kayaalp

2022

Türkiye Çocuk Hast Derg

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Objective: In this study, we aim to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics and psychological functioning of children with gender dysphoria (GD) symptoms aged between 3-12 years. Material and Methods: The study group included 20 children (17 males, 3 females; mean age 6.63±2.43 years) with GD symptoms. A sociodemographic data form was used to collect data with regards to demographic and clinical characteristics, and pre- peri-and postnatal features. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) is used to assess behavioral and emotional problems in the child. Results: The boy/girl ratio in the study group was 5.66. The mean age at onset of gender-nonconforming behaviors was 2.85±1.17 years and the mean age of admission to our clinic was 5.82±2.27 years. 20% of the mothers reported a preference for an opposite-sex child prior to conception; 20 % of the mothers reported prenatal stress, 20% of the mothers had prenatal and 25% had postnatal depressive symptoms. There was a risk of miscarriage in 10% of children and 25% were born prematurely. 55% of our study sample exceeded the clinical threshold for internalizing problems and 40% exceeded the clinical threshold for externalizing problems in CBCL ratings. Conclusion: There were more prepubertal boys than girls referred for GD symptoms and the age at referral was younger compared to western countries. In addition, findings of this study indicate that children with GD have poorer psychological functioning possibly due to social intolerance for cross-gender behaviors and/or interests alongside the GD per se.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cinsiyet Hoşnutsuzluğu Belirtileri Gösteren Çocuklarda Demografik ve Klinik Özellikler: Bir Türkiye Örneklemi

GÜNEŞ

Kayaalp

2022

Türkiye Çocuk Hast Derg

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“…Gender dysphoria has become progressively more common and has been recognized and treated earlier over the last two decades. 27 The presentation and diagnosis of these individuals can often be a challenge due to the sensitive nature of the topic. These individuals often present in their adolescent and teenage years when their gender identity.…”

Section: Clinical Presentation and Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Distress may also present as signs of physical abuse from bullying such as bruises or scrapes. 27 Studies done in Germany showed that 26% of patients that presented to the clinic with gender dysphoria endorsed negative responses to their outings at school. 33 Comorbid depression and anxiety might also prompt patients to present to clinic, and further questioning is often required to reveal underlying gender dysphoria.…”

Section: Health Psychology Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Dysphoria and Its Non-Surgical and Surgical Treatments

Anderson

Wijetunge

Moore

et al. 2022

Health Psychology Research

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Gender dysphoria is defined by severe or persistent distress associated with an incongruence between one’s gender identity and biological sex. It is estimated that 1.4 million Americans and 25 million people worldwide identify as transgender and that 0.6% of Americans experience gender dysphoria. The pathophysiology of gender dysphoria is multifactorial and incompletely understood. Genetics, androgen exposure, neuroanatomy, brain connectivity, history of trauma, parents with psychological disorders, and being raised by less than two parents are associated with gender dysphoria. Gender dysphoria most frequently presents in early teenage years but can present earlier or later. Anxiety and depression are the two most common comorbid diagnoses and may be the reason for presentation to medical care. Diagnosis is established through history and or validated questionnaires. Treatment includes psychosocial therapy, pharmacotherapy for underlying depression and/or anxiety, hormonal therapy, non-genital and/or genital feminization or masculinization operations. The frequency and severity of treatment related morbidity increases progressively as treatments go from conservative to more invasive. Gender dysphoria and its treatment is individualized and not completely understood.

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“…The dilemmas experienced by adolescents lead to the necessity of addressing not only the nature of the reported dissatisfaction with one's biological sex, but also how this discomfort fits into the normative period of uncertainty and exploration in the young person's process of developing their psychosexuality. This is especially important since adolescents with gender dysphoria are more likely to present with co-occurring internalising disorders, such as anxiety and depression and/or externalising disorders, such as oppositional defiant disorder (Dora et al, 2021). The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders appears to be higher in these individuals compared to the general age-matched population (de Vries et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dylematy pacjentów w wieku rozwojowym prowadzą do konieczności zmierzenia się z trudnymi pytaniami -nie tylko o naturę niezadowolenia z płci biologicznej, ale także o to, jak zgłaszany dyskomfort wpisuje się w normatywny u młodego człowieka okres niepewności i poszukiwań w procesie konstytuowania się psychoseksualności. To bardzo istotne, zwłaszcza że u osób nastoletnich z dysforią płciową dość powszechne jest współwystępowanie zaburzeń internalizacyjnych, takich jak lęk i depresja, i/lub zaburzeń eksternalizacyjnych, takich jak zaburzenia opozycyjno-buntownicze (Dora et al, 2021). Rozpowszechnienie zaburzeń ze spektrum autyzmu wydaje się w opisywanej grupie większe niż w ogólnej, analogicznej wiekowo populacji (de Vries et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Gender dysphoria in adolescents with psychotic disorders – symptom or co-occurring phenomenon?

Łucka¹,

Jurczyk²,

Łucka³

2022

Psychiatr Psychol Klin

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The occurrence of gender dysphoria symptoms in adolescents presenting psychotic disorders generates great diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. They are related not only to the question of what is the nature of the reported dissatisfaction with one’s biological sex, but also to the normative period of uncertainty and searching in the process of psychosexual development in a young person. In this context, reaching a decision on gender correction treatment requires a particularly thorough analysis, a precise differential diagnosis and, above all, stabilisation of the psychological state as well as prolonged observation and exclusion of the delusional basis of gender dysphoria. It strikes us as particularly important to provide such patients with appropriate care. Allowing for gender correction, in the absence of a confirmed causal relationship between the two disorders, seems to be an appropriate, although debatable, therapeutic approach. Refusing medical interventions in adolescents in a timely manner poses a significant risk of psychological deterioration, may exacerbate gender dysphoria and contribute to self-representation provoking persecution and stigmatisation, and thus may increase stress levels, which is an important factor in psychotic decompensation.

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Gender dysphoria, gender incongruence and gender nonconformity in adolescence – changes and challenges in diagnosis

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

Cinsiyet Hoşnutsuzluğu Belirtileri Gösteren Çocuklarda Demografik ve Klinik Özellikler: Bir Türkiye Örneklemi

Cinsiyet Hoşnutsuzluğu Belirtileri Gösteren Çocuklarda Demografik ve Klinik Özellikler: Bir Türkiye Örneklemi

Gender Dysphoria and Its Non-Surgical and Surgical Treatments

Gender dysphoria in adolescents with psychotic disorders – symptom or co-occurring phenomenon?

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