Gender Dysphoria and Gender Change in Chromosomal Females with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Abstract

This article reviews the literature on studies and case reports on gender identity and gender identity problems, gender dysphoria, and gender change in chromosomal females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, raised male or female. The large majority (94.8%) of the patients raised female (N= 250) later developed a gender identity as girls and women and did not feel gender dysphoric. But 13 (5.2%) patients had serious problems with their gender identity. This percentage is higher than the prevalence of female-to-male transsexuals in the general population of chromosomal females. Among patients raised male, serious gender identity problems were reported in 4 (12.1%) out of 33 patients. From these observations, we conclude that the assignment to the female gender as a general policy for 46,XX patients with CAH appears justified, even in severely masculinized 46,XX newborns with CAH (Prader stage IV or V).

Gender Dysphoria and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature

“…For instance, people with intersex and related conditions who have been exposed to prenatal androgen levels which are at variance to either their genotype, (male or female sex chromosomes) or their assigned birth gender are much more likely to change from the gender they were assigned at birth, than persons without these conditions [62,63,64,65]. However, although the above theory may suggest that natal females with ASD present with elevated testosterone levels, an association between high levels of testosterone in females and Gender Dysphoria have not been found.…”

Beyond Discrete Categories: Studying Multiracial, Intersex, and Transgender Children Will Strengthen Basic Developmental Science

“…If developmentalists are clearer about what patterns of gender cognition are most common for children who identify as male, female, or (increasingly) another gender early on, they might also be able to help parents and clinicians identify signs that an intersex child is being raised as the "wrong" gender. That is, the medical establishment has reported many cases where parents of intersex children were told to raise their children as a particular gender or even conducted surgery to "assign" a gender, but then later it became apparent that the child's assigned gender did not feel authentic to the child (e.g., Dessens, Slijper, & Drop, 2005;Reiner, 2005). Indeed, a current lawsuit in South Carolina focuses on the very issue of wrongful or erroneous early assignment (Greenfield, 2014).…”

The spectrum of sex development: Eric Vilain and the intersex controversy

“…For instance, the most common cause for a DSD is congenital adrenal hyperplasia -which can result in ambiguous genitalia for XX children. Between 90% and 95% of people with the condition identify as female 7 .…”