Gender divergence in physical education classes

Abstract

-We evaluate a group of students, presumed by their physical education teachers to be gender divergent. This study suggests that PE teachers confuse "gender-divergence" with uncoordinated motor behaviors. This may be because PE classes emphasize motor abilities and coordination and PE teachers may pay particular attention to these characteristics and use them (wrongly) as a criterion for gender divergence. However, the 10 presumed "divergent students" differ from their peers by being more likely to have friends of the opposite sex, interacting with groups of the opposite sex, preferring physical activities typical of the opposite sex, demonstrating less knowledge of sex, preferring interactive rather than collaborative activities and preferring more individual, less complex, less aggressive activities with less body contact.

Recalled Sex-typed Behavior in Childhood and Sports’ Preferences in Adulthood of Heterosexual, Bisexual, and Homosexual Men from Brazil, Turkey, and Thailand

“…Similar results were found in other studies, such as that by Cardoso et al (2005), which compared gender ''atypical'' boys (as identified by their physical education instructors) with other classmates and noticed significant differences in their choices for soccer and other sports. In another study of the sexual orientation of fishermen on the south coast of Brazil, Cardoso (1994Cardoso ( , 2002Cardoso ( , 2005a obtained similar results.…”

“…There is an interactive effect among the three categories (p < .003; partial g 2 = .018) fewer homosexuals bullied others or liked to fight in their childhood (see Ellis, Hoffman, & Burke, 1990;Werner, 1998Werner, , 2006. These results, coupled with previous cross-cultural research (Bartlett & Vasey, 2006;Cardoso, 2005;Whitam, 1983;Whitam & Mathy, 1986), suggest that cross-gender behavior and identity in childhood is a universal pattern of The main and the simple effects of the ANCOVA 3 (sexual orientation) 92 (social class l) 93 (nationality), controlling for age and consumer items are described as follows: * Significant differences were verified among the sexual orientations (p < .001; partial g 2 = .254) and in the participants' nationalities (p < .001; partial g 2 = .035) in the childhood desire to be a girl. Interactive effects were verified between sexual orientation and social class (p < .001; partial g 2 = .046) and between nationality and sexual orientation (p < .001; partial g 2 = .048) ** Significant differences were verified among the sexual orientations (p < .001; partial g 2 = .217) and social classes (p < .01; partial g 2 = .008) in childhood cross-dressing.…”

“…Different from what many believe, male homosexuals do like some sports but not necessarily the same sports as heterosexuals. In spite of the conflicts that frequently occur over genderdivergent males in PE classes, the implications of sexual orientation for sports activities have received little attention (Cardoso, Felipe, & Hedegaard, 2005). In a review of 982 articles published in physical education journals, Duda and Alison (1990) found that only 1.22% addressed the question.…”

Developmental co‐ordination disorder in socially disadvantaged Brazilian children

“…It is important to highlight that these results come from a European culture where access to physical activities and physical education may be more evenly divided, although not necessarily evenly encouraged, compared with Brazil. In Brazil, we argue that there is both more limited access as well as less cultural encouragement for girls to engage in gross motor physical activities (Cardoso et al 2005). A recent study found poorer performance of girls from 3 to 10 years old, in locomotor and object control skills, as a consequence of limited opportunities for motor development in school settings (Spessato et al 2013).…”

Inversões do papel de gênero: "drag queens", travestismo e transexualismo

“…Hoje, graças a alguns bravos pesquisadores preocupados com a transdisciplinaridade do conhecimento cientifico, sabemos que em muitas sociedades a maioria dos homens homossexuais teve uma infância atípica em termos de gênero e outras habilidades e preferências Cardoso, 2002;Cardoso, Felipe & Hedegaard, 2003;Davenport, 1986;Green, 1987;Grellert, Newcomb & Bentler, 1982;Hockenberry & Billingham, 1987;Whitam, 1983;Zucker, 1990;), mas somente uma minoria desses homossexuais desenvolve uma atração por travestir-se. Por outro lado, nos Estados Unidos e em países do norte europeu, existe um número considerável de travestis ou de transexuais bissexuais e heterossexuais que, a princípio, tiveram uma infância típica.…”