Gender disparities in academic rank achievement in neurosurgery: a critical assessment

Dossani, Rimal H; Terrell, Danielle; Kosty, Jennifer; Ross, Robert C; Demand, Audrey; Wild, Elizabeth; Peterson, Racheal; Ngwenya, Laura B.; Benzil, Deborah L.; Notarianni, Christina

doi:10.3171/2019.8.jns191219

Cited by 18 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Open access have demonstrated that women are less likely than men to be full professors even after adjusting for clinical and academic productivity. [16][17][18] The current literature on gender bias in academic medicine is limited to single studies that assess one institution, 19 20 specialty [21][22][23][24] or country. [25][26][27][28][29] Furthermore, the cross-sectional nature of most analyses precludes an investigation of trends over time.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitations Of This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender differences in faculty rank among academic physicians: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Jacob-Brassard

Dossa

et al. 2021

BMJ Open

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ObjectiveMany studies have analysed gender bias in academic medicine; however, no comprehensive synthesis of the literature has been performed. We conducted a pooled analysis of the difference in the proportion of men versus women with full professorship among academic physicians.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesMEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Education Resources Information Center and PsycINFO were searched from inception to 3 July 2020.Study selectionAll original studies reporting faculty rank stratified by gender worldwide were included.Data extraction and synthesisStudy screening, data extraction and quality assessment were performed by two independent reviewers, with a third author resolving discrepancies. Meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects models.ResultsOur search yielded 5897 articles. 218 studies were included with 991 207 academic physician data points. Men were 2.77 times more likely to be full professors (182 271/643 790 men vs 30 349/251 501 women, OR 2.77, 95% CI 2.57 to 2.98). Although men practised for longer (median 18 vs 12 years, p<0.00002), the gender gap remained after pooling seven studies that adjusted for factors including time in practice, specialty, publications, h-index, additional PhD and institution (adjusted OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.20). Meta-regression by data collection year demonstrated improvement over time (p=0.0011); however, subgroup analysis showed that gender disparities remain significant in the 2010–2020 decade (OR 2.63, 95% CI 2.48 to 2.80). The gender gap was present across all specialties and both within and outside of North America. Men published more papers (mean difference 17.2, 95% CI 14.7 to 19.7), earned higher salaries (mean difference $33 256, 95% CI $25 969 to $40 542) and were more likely to be departmental chairs (OR 2.61, 95% CI 2.19 to 3.12).ConclusionsGender inequity in academic medicine exists across all specialties, geographical regions and multiple measures of success, including academic rank, publications, salary and leadership. Men are more likely than women to be full professors after controlling for experience, academic productivity and specialty. Although there has been some improvement over time, the gender disparity in faculty rank persists.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020197414.

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Section: Strengths and Limitations Of This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Seven studies adjusted for potential confounders, including years in practice (Dossani et al, 17 Gawad et al, 18 Jena et al, 16 Orhurhu et al, 53 Riaz et al, 54 Smith et al 55 3).…”

Section: Meta-analysis Of Full Professorshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in faculty rank among academic physicians: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Jacob-Brassard

Dossa

et al. 2021

BMJ Open

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“…

StrideS have been made in achieving gender parity as the medical literature has addressed the need for more women in the realm of organized neurosurgery. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Even though more than half of the students in US medical schools are women, smaller percentages of those graduates enter neurosurgical training, remain in academic neurosurgery, and complete fellowship training. 3,12 A white paper regarding neurosurgery residency retention rates by Women in Neurosurgery, called for by the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS), found that medical students have concerns regarding how gender inequities impact acceptance, income, and promotional opportunities within neurosurgery.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fellowship, gender, and scholarly productivity: trends among academic neurosurgeons in the US

Hansen

Silva

Cuevas

et al. 2020

Journal of Neurosurgery

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OBJECTIVECurrent data on fellowship choice and completion by neurosurgical residents are limited, especially in relation to gender, scholarly productivity, and career progression. The objective of this study was to determine gender differences in the selection of fellowship training and subsequent scholarly productivity and career progression.METHODSThe authors conducted a quantitative analysis of the fellowship training information of practicing US academic neurosurgeons. Information was extracted from publicly available websites, the Scopus database, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Open Payments website.RESULTSOf 1641 total academic neurosurgeons, 1403 (85.5%) were fellowship trained. There were disproportionately more men (89.9%) compared to women (10.1%). A higher proportion of women completed fellowships than men (p = 0.004). Proportionally, significantly more women completed fellowships in pediatrics (p < 0.0001), neurooncology (p = 0.012), and critical care/trauma (p = 0.001), while significantly more men completed a spine fellowship (p = 0.012). Within those who were fellowship trained, the academic rank of professor was significantly more commonly held by men (p = 0.001), but assistant professor was held significantly more often by women (p = 0.017). The fellowships with the largest mean h-indices were functional/stereotactic, pediatrics, and critical care/trauma. Despite more women completing neurooncology and pediatric fellowships, men had significantly greater h-indices in these subspecialties compared to women. Women had more industry funding awards than men in pediatrics (p < 0.0001), while men had more in spine (p = 0.023).CONCLUSIONSWomen were found to have higher rates for fellowship completion compared with their male counterparts, yet had lower scholarly productivity in every subspecialty. Fellowship choice remains unequally distributed between genders, and scholarly productivity and career progression varies between fellowship choice.

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“…She has published numerous papers examining gender differences in neurosurgery, from the medical student to the attending level. [38][39][40][41] She has been instrumental in increasing the percentage of female neurosurgeons so that one day we are no longer "less than a minority," as Robert Spetzler famously stated in his outstanding paper on the history of women in neurosurgery. 42 She is a leader in spine surgery, spinal cord injury, and the socioeconomics of spine surgery.…”

Section: Deborah Benzil MDmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biographies of international women leaders in neurosurgery

Casillo

Venkatesh

Muthiah

et al. 2021

Neurosurgical Focus

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We received so many biographies of women neurosurgery leaders for this issue that only a selection could be condensed here. In all of them, the essence of a leader shines through. Many are included as “first” of their country or color or other achievement. All of them are included as outstanding—in clinical, academic, and organized neurosurgery. Two defining features are tenacity and service. When faced with shocking discrimination, or numbing indifference, they ignored it or fought valiantly. When choosing their life’s work, they chose service, often of the most neglected—those with pain, trauma, and disability. These women inspire and point the way to a time when the term “women leaders” as an exception is unnecessary.—Katharine J. Drummond, MD, on behalf of this month’s topic editors

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Gender disparities in academic rank achievement in neurosurgery: a critical assessment

Cited by 18 publications

References 13 publications

Gender differences in faculty rank among academic physicians: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Gender differences in faculty rank among academic physicians: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Fellowship, gender, and scholarly productivity: trends among academic neurosurgeons in the US

Biographies of international women leaders in neurosurgery

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