Gender discrimination, educational attainment, and illicit drug use among U.S. women

Carliner, Hannah; Sarvet, Aaron L.; Gordon, Allegra R.; Hasin, Deborah S.

doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1329-x

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…In this study, we found that sexism was bivariately associated with greater psychological distress, alcohol-related consequences, and drug-related consequences in a sample of gender-diverse SMW, consistent with our Hypothesis 1 and with existing literature among women more broadly (Carliner et al, 2017;Klonoff et al, 2000;Ro & Choi, 2010;Swim et al, 2001;Zucker & Landry, 2007). This is among the first studies to test the association between SMW's sexism and the extent to which SMW's alcohol and drug use caused any negative consequences.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Mental health, alcohol use, and substance use correlates of sexism in a sample of gender-diverse sexual minority women.

Scheer¹,

Batchelder²,

Wang³

et al. 2022

Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity

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Gender-based stressors (e.g., sexism) are rooted in hegemonic masculinity, a cultural practice that subordinates women and stems from patriarchal social structures and institutions. Sexism has been increasingly documented as a key driver of mental and behavioral health issues among women, yet prior research has largely focused on heterosexual women. The current study examined associations between sexism and mental health (i.e., psychological distress) and behavioral health (i.e., alcohol-and drugrelated consequences) among sexual minority women (SMW). We also examined whether these associations might be more pronounced among SMW who identify as gender minorities (e.g., gender nonbinary, genderqueer) or are masculine-presenting compared to those who identify as cisgender women or are feminine-presenting. Participants included 60 SMW (ages 19-32; 55.0% queer, 43.3% gender minority, 41.7% racial and ethnic minority) who completed self-report measures of sexism, psychological distress, and alcohol-and drug-related consequences. Results indicated that sexism was positively associated with psychological distress, alcohol-related consequences, and drug-related consequences, respectively. In addition, sexism was associated with worse mental and behavioral health outcomes among SMW who identify as gender minorities or are masculine-presenting compared to SMW who identify as cisgender or are feminine-presenting. Findings provide evidence that the health impact of gender-based stressors among SMW may differ based on whether SMW identify as gender minorities and based on the extent to which SMW violate traditional gender norms. Public Significance StatementThis study advances our understanding of sexual minority women subgroups for whom the link between sexism and mental and behavioral health might be more pronounced, such as those who identify as gender minorities or are masculine-presenting. These findings underscore the importance of considering whether sexism (e.g., experiences of traditional gender role stereotyping and prejudice, and unwanted sexually objectifying comments and behavior) may be experienced as incongruent or dysphoric for gender minority or masculine-presenting SMW.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Mental health, alcohol use, and substance use correlates of sexism in a sample of gender-diverse sexual minority women.

Scheer¹,

Batchelder²,

Wang³

et al. 2022

Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity

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“…Regarding the relationship between gender and educational level, women and men with low educational level started cocaine use much earlier than those with secondary studies. This is particularly important to women with primary education, since they could have a higher risk of gender discrimination and illicit drug use 27 . However, the age at onset of cocaine use and the development of CUD is still earlier in men compared to women who have a low educational attainment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another study conducted with an adolescent population, the authors observed that educational achievements had very important weight in the progression towards substance use disorders 26 . Furthermore, gender discrimination has been consistently associated with the use of illicit drugs and substance use disorders among women in the US, with those with an educational level below secondary occupying a position of greater risk 27 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of gender and education on cocaine users in an outpatient cohort in Spain

Requena-Ocaña

Flores-López

Martín

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Gender significantly influences sociodemographic, medical, psychiatric and addiction variables in cocaine outpatients. Educational level may be a protective factor showing less severe addictive disorders, longer abstinence periods, and better cognitive performance. The aim was to estimate gender-based differences and the influence of educational level on the clinical variables associated with cocaine use disorder (CUD). A total of 300 cocaine-consuming patients undergoing treatments were recruited and assessed using the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Diseases according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Women developed CUD later but exhibited more consumption of anxiolytics, prevalence of anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and major depressive disorders. Alcohol and cannabis use disorders were more frequent in men. A predictive model was created and identified three psychiatric variables with good prognosis for distinguishing between women and men. Principal component analysis helped to describe the different profile types of men and women who had sought treatment. Low educational levels seemed to be a risk factor for the onset, development, and duration of CUD in both genders. Women and men exhibited different clinical characteristics that should be taken into account when designing therapeutic policies. The educational level plays a protective/risk role in the onset, development and progression of CUD, thus prolonging the years of compulsory education and implementing cognitive rehabilitation programmes could be useful.

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“…Most research on gender discrimination and health has focused on psychological health in women and sex differences in frequency, perception, and sequelae [16–19]. However, the potential effects of perceived gender discrimination on physical health, including CVD, have received relatively little attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular disease and perceived weight, racial, and gender discrimination in U.S. adults

Udo

Grilo

2017

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

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Objective To date, most research on perceived discrimination and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has examined racial discrimination although other forms of discrimination may also impact physical and mental health. The current study investigated the relationship between three forms of discrimination (weight, race, and gender) and 3-year incidence of CVD in a large national sample of U.S. adults. Methods 26,992 adults (55.5% women) who participated in the 2001–2002 and 2004–2005 National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were included in this study. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for three forms of perceived discrimination (simultaneously included in equations after adjusting for relevant potential confounds) for predicting CVD incidence at Wave 2. Results Perceived weight and racial discrimination were associated with significantly greater likelihood of reporting myocardial infarction (OR=2.56 [95% CI=1.31–4.98], OR=1.84 [95% CI=1.19–2.84], respectively) and minor heart conditions (OR=1.48 [95% CI=1.11–1.98], OR=1.41 [95% CI=1.18–1.70], respectively). Perceived racial discrimination was also significantly associated with greater likelihood of reporting arteriosclerosis (OR=1.61 [95% CI=1.11–2.34]). Odds ratios for diagnoses of arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and other minor heart disease were largest for individuals reporting multiple forms of discrimination. Conclusions Adults who experience weight and racial discrimination, and especially multiple forms of discrimination, may be at heightened risk for CVD. Perceived discrimination may be important to consider during assessment of life stressors by health providers. Future research should address the mechanisms that link discrimination and CVD to assist public health and policy efforts to reduce discrimination.

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Gender discrimination, educational attainment, and illicit drug use among U.S. women

Cited by 16 publications

References 72 publications

Mental health, alcohol use, and substance use correlates of sexism in a sample of gender-diverse sexual minority women.

Mental health, alcohol use, and substance use correlates of sexism in a sample of gender-diverse sexual minority women.

Influence of gender and education on cocaine users in an outpatient cohort in Spain

Cardiovascular disease and perceived weight, racial, and gender discrimination in U.S. adults

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