Gender differences in time allocation contribute to differences in developmental outcomes in children and adolescents

Causal Impact of Physical Activity on Child Health and Development

“…As mentioned above, IV regressions may provide inaccurate estimates because they don't control for time invariant unobservable factors which may be associated with the instruments and outcomes at the same time.20 Fist-stage regression results from IV and FE-IV estimators are reported in column 1 and 2, respectively, of Appendix TableA7. The results are largely in line with those documented in other studies(Nguyen et al 2021b;Nguyen et al 2022). For instance, lower temperature or precipitation statistically significantly decreases the time spent on physical activity.…”

“…Overall, the above sub-group analysis suggests that, except for Conduct and waist circumference, physical activity offers more health and non-cognitive developmental benefits to females. This finding when observed alongside the fact that females are less physically active than males (Farooq et al 2020;Nguyen et al 2022)…”

“…Focusing on a limited set of outcomes provides a partial, if not incomplete, picture of the potential impact of physical activity because individuals only have 24 hours per day and they have to choose to spend the time between physical activity and other alternative activities such as sleeping, eating, working, studying or socialising. Studies have shown that different activities may have differential effects on specific outcomes of interest (Fiorini & Keane 2014;Nguyen et al 2022). A particular uncertainty in the evidence remains, however, regarding the "dose" of physical activity required to influence different child health and development outcomes.…”

“…Following prior studies(Fiorini & Keane 2014;Nguyen et al 2020;Nguyen et al 2022), we do not differentiate between the main and any concurrent activity. Likewise, we do not distinguish the child's activities by who is present during each activity due to the ambiguity of the actual participation intensity of the nearby person(s) (if any) with the child.…”

Volný čas dětí a mládeže

“…Jednou z otázek, které jsou v oblasti volnočasových aktivit zkoumány, je množství volného času, případně subjektivní vnímání dostatku volného času, a to jak u dospělých, tak u dětí. V trávení času (nejen volného) v prvních 16 letech života existují významné rozdíly mezi pohlavími a způsob, jakým se svým časem nakládáme, zásadně ovlivňuje náš vývoj (Nguyen et al, 2022). Sharif, Mogilner & Hershfield (2021) v tomto kontextu uvádí, že zatímco nedostatek volného času souvisí s nižší subjektivní pohodou způsobenou stresem, více času k vyšší subjektivní pohodě nevede a velký nadbytek volného času je někdy dokonce spojen s nižší subjektivní pohodou.…”