Gender Differences in the Relational and Collective Bases for Trust

Maddux, William W.; Brewer, Marilynn B.

doi:10.1177/1368430205051065

Cited by 99 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…These findings, we hope, have both theoretical and applied implications. Theoretically, our model merged together three different literatures to test predictions about influences on undergraduate women's science identity: stereotype threat (e.g., Steele 1997), Expectancy-Value Theory (e.g., Eccles and Wigfield 2002), and research on communal goals and interpersonal values (e.g., Diekman et al 2011;Maddux and Brewer 2005). Specifically, our findings contribute to the literature on what is known about the ways in which stereotype threat, women's science identification, and motivation are related.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Losing its expected communal value: how stereotype threat undermines women’s identity as research scientists

et al. 2015

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The worry or concern over confirming negative gender group stereotypes, called stereotype threat, is one explanation for women's worldwide underrepresentation in undergraduate science classes and majors. But how does stereotype threat translate into fewer women motivated for science? In this quantitative study with a sample from the US, we use Expectancy Value Theory to examine whether and how stereotype threat concerns might influence women's science identification. To do this, we collected survey data from 388 women enrolled in introductory physics (male-dominated) and biology (female-dominated) undergraduate laboratory classes at three universities. We examined multiple indirect effect paths through which stereotype threat could be associated with science identity and the associated future motivation to engage in scientific research. In addition to replicating established expectancy-value theory motivational findings, results support the novel prediction that one route through which stereotype threat negatively impacts women's science identity is via effects on perceptions about the communal utility value of science. Especially among women in physics who expressed greater stereotype threat concerns than women in biology, science identification was lower to the extent that stereotype threat reduced how useful science was seen for helping other people and society. Implications for ways to create an inclusive learning context that combats stereotype threat concerns and broadens undergraduate women's participation in science are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Losing its expected communal value: how stereotype threat undermines women’s identity as research scientists

et al. 2015

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“…Where females primarily seek intimate connections in a number of close personal dyadic relationships, males orient to a larger sphere by seeking to connect with a broader group; effectively seeking a larger number of relationships, but investing less in one on one interactions. The difference in interdependence between females and males has been referred to as the relational vs. collective distinction within interdependence (e.g., Kashima et al, 1995; Gabriel and Gardner, 1999; Maddux and Brewer, 2005). This has been demonstrated in a number of studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Moderates the Influence of Self-Construal Priming on Fairness Considerations

et al. 2017

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Research in social and cultural psychology has identified that self-construal, or the way the self is defined in relation to others, plays an important role in social decision-making processes. Yet it remains difficult to isolate the effect of self-construal in a comparative approach. Therefore, we used priming methodology in three studies to induce either an independent or interdependent mindset to test direct consequences on fairness considerations. Specifically, we asked whether participants would accept an unfair ultimatum game offer: a split of 10 euros, where the participant is allocated the marginal share of 3 and the proposer 7. If the participant refuses, neither gets paid. In the first study, we used the well-known similarities and differences prime. Here, activating an interdependent mindset decreased rejection of the unfair offer compared to the independent mindset and control condition, but only in females. The prime did not affect males. In the second and third study we modified our university's mission statement to instead include either independent or interdependent values. Females displayed a similar direction of effects; in males however, activating an interdependent mindset increased rejection. Taken together, the results show that whether participants accept or reject an unfair offer depends on both their gender and the self-construal prime. The results were interpreted using the distinction between relational independence that has been associated with females, and collective interdependence, that has been associated with males. Possible consequences for future studies are discussed.

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“…Generally speaking, women's social networks are more homophilous (Huckfeldt and Sprague 1995;McPherson, Smith-Lovin, and Cook 2001;Ridgeway and Smith-Lovin 1999); their associational involvements are even more so (Popielarz 1999;Smith-Lovin 1982, 1986). These patterns appear to be related to findings that women tend to trust those with whom they have direct relationships, while men trust those sharing group affiliations (Maddux and Brewer 2005).…”

Section: Exposure To Social Informationmentioning

confidence: 91%

The Political Consequences of Gender in Social Networks

Djupe¹,

McClurg²,

Sokhey³

2016

Brit. J. Polit. Sci.

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Recent research on political discussion has focused on whether aspects of interaction create a ‘democratic dilemma’ for the mass public in which people face a choice between political participation and political tolerance. This article argues that there are important variations in how people react to their immediate social contacts. It explores this idea by studying how social disagreement and expertise interact with gender to explain variance in political participation. First, it shows that there are conflicting expectations in the literature about how such dynamics should manifest, despite agreement that men and women should experience different kinds and degrees of social influence. Secondly, it examines these expectations by revisiting prominent, network-based explanations of political participation; it finds that these relationships do not display consistency across sex differences. The results point to the existence of varied ‘social logics’ for men and women, and suggest the need to reconsider how to think about the efficacy of discussion and disagreement in a democratic society.

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Gender Differences in the Relational and Collective Bases for Trust

Cited by 99 publications

References 22 publications

Losing its expected communal value: how stereotype threat undermines women’s identity as research scientists

Losing its expected communal value: how stereotype threat undermines women’s identity as research scientists

Gender Moderates the Influence of Self-Construal Priming on Fairness Considerations

The Political Consequences of Gender in Social Networks

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